Detection of Impurities in Nd Doped Phosphate Laser Glass

Detection of Impurities in Nd Doped Phosphate Laser GlassDetection of the impurities in Nd doped inorganic inorganic phosphate optical maser methamphetamine hydrochloride by roentgen ray fluorescence proficiencyAtul Kumar*, M. P. Kamath, A. S. Joshi, P. A. Naik, P. D. GuptaLaser Plasma DivisionA. K. Singh, M. K. TiwariIndus Synchrotrons Utilization Divisiongenus Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced engine room, Indore 452013, M.P., India*Email emailprotectedIntroductionThe advances in laser spy provide composition and manufacturing have enabled the development of third generation high nil high power (HEHP) lasers like the National Ignition facility (NIF)1 that argon being used as drivers for fusion energy studies. These laser furnish are phosphate based be accept of their low intensity dependent refractive index n2 and have a compositions equivalent to LHG-8 of M/s Hoya, lacquer or LG-770 frappe of M/s Schott Ltd2. The manufacturing and intervention procedures introduce ma ny a(prenominal) an(prenominal) unwanted impurities in these supply, leading to lower laser induced reproach threshold and lower fluorescence life time. The roentgenogram fluorescence (XRF) is a powerful technique3 which cease identify the elemental composition of such render in a non-destructive manner. In the XRF process, the specimen is excited with high energy photons, which nookie cause individual atoms to ionize. When these atoms undergo relaxation, the electrons relocate from a high energy orbital to a lower one. During this process, fluorescence radiation is emitted. The emitted radiation has lower energy compared to the hazard source and it depends on the specific electron conversions of the individual elements. Thus, the resulting x-ray fluorescence spectrum bears the jot of the elements present in the specimen.In the present say, we have perform XRF analysis on incompatible laser film over savors and affectionate stuff and nonsenses used for the parable of these spectacles namely aluminum metaphosphate (AMP), barium metaphosphate (BMP) and potassium metaphosphate (KMP). The advantage of the this study is that it can indicate to the presence of most of the impurities like transition metal impurities (of quest to us) in one measurement, if their concentrations are of the order of few ppm (by weight) or more. Our studies on the glasses and the lancinating materials indicate that the warm materials are pure to the coveted levels but the glasses pretended using the raw materials show many impurities. These impurities are expected to enter during discourse of the raw materials and from the glass-cullet during fabrication process. This study go away help in improving the prime(prenominal) of the glass by repeatedly doing the XRF analysis after every stage, so that faulty handling can be identified.Method of fabrication of the phosphate laser glassA two arm HEHP Ndphosphate glass laser chain is operational at Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT), Indore4. A joint collaborative project is undertaken with Central Glass and ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI), Kolkata to develop the process technology for the fabrication of the phosphate laser glasses equivalent to LHG-8 glass of M/s Hoya, to outstrip the existing embargo. The phosphate laser glass is fabricated as a two step process. In the first step, the sintered raw material (AMP, BMP and KMP and Nd2O3 in appropriate fractions) is melted in a silica crucible. The glass-cullet produced as a result of melting in the silica crucible is roll out. The cast glass is powdered and loaded in a bottom burbling platinum crucible for optical quality, and chemical and physical homogenization. During these steps in the fabrication, the impurities whitethorn be added to the glass at several stages, namely a) flux of the raw materials, b) impurities coming from the silica crucible, c) impurities coming from the glass-cullet cast, d) impurities coming from the platinum crucible, e) impurities coming during annealing and fine annealing of the glass.Six samples of laser glass (named LG-1 to LG-6) were fabricated at CGCRI for the studies. XRF analysis was done on different fabricated samples of laser glasses (LG-1 to LG-6) and raw material samples made from AMP, BMP and KMP, to identify the elemental impurities in laser glass and raw materials. In accession to this, the sensitivity of the XRF technique was besides ascertained using small amounts of platinum deliberately added to the glass samples.Experiments and MethodologyXRF analysis was performed at the BL-16 beamline of Indus-2 synchrotron facility5 on fabricated glass samples and the raw materials after the first step of melting in silica crucible. The glasses had platinum oxide dissolved in them because of its solubility in the laser glass. atomic number 78 comes into the glass as an unavoidable impurity during homogenization of the glass in the platinum crucible. Metallic plati num absorbs at the lasing wavelength (1054 nm) and reduces the laser induced suffering threshold (LIDT) of the laser glass. Oxygen bubbling is done in platinum crucible to reduce the OH bond impurity in the hygroscopic phosphate glass. The oxygen bubbling also oxidizes the platinum metal to its oxide, thereby simplification the metallic platinum in the glass. The other impurities occur because of the suffering quality of the silica crucible and/or cast of glass-cullet in addition to poor handling during the mixing of the raw materials in the first step of melting.The glasses with different amounts of platinum oxide were LG-1(5 ppm Pt), LG-2 (10 ppm Pt), LG-3(25 ppm Pt), LG-4 (5 ppm Pt with O2 bubbling), LG-5 (10 ppm Pt with O2 bubbling) and LG-6 (25 ppm Pt with O2 bubbling). Varying platinum oxide content helped in ascertaining the sensitivity of the technique to Pt impurity. In the experiment, an x-ray beam was incident on sample for excitation and scattered spectrum was save by the detector shown in Fig. 1. The samples were excited using 14 keV and 17 keV synchrotron x-rays, selected by a double-crystal monochromator system. The analyses have been done on all the raw powder materials (for qualitative analysis) and on the pallets (for quantitative analysis). 15 mm dia. pallets were formed using a semi-automatic pallet machine. One such pallet is shown in sample holder in Fig. 1. go in 1 Raw specimens analyze by XRF measurementsThe captured data was analyzed using the PyMCA software 6. The calibration of the deliberate fluorescence spectrum was achieved by selecting the K lines of various elements present in the laser glass samples, and in the raw material samples. The method of spectrum calibration however require a proper comparison with a standard doped sample as a confirmatory test to account for the variation in the actual composition of the fabricated laser glass samples and that measured with XRF. In the present study, XRF method was used to qualit atively see the presence of different impurities, strictly from the yes/no point of view, rather than the full quantitative estimation.Results and banterFigure 2 shows a typical spectrum of the fabricated LG-1 glasses and the raw material BMP. The impurities found in the fabricated glasses are listed in Table 1. The silicon impurity occurs because of melting in silica crucible. Sr impurity seen in BMP as Ba and Sr are chemically close to each other. For the same reason, Rb impurity was found in KMP. However, there no impurities were seen in AMP. The transition metal impurities however may come either from during handling of raw materials or through the casts of glass-cullet. This will be ascertained in future by cast the glass in casts made of different materials like graphite, aluminum, and stainless steel. The studies of impurities after the casting of the glass will give idea about its origin. In addition to this, the XRF technique was found to be sensitive to 5 ppm of Pt impu rities.Figure 2 a) Typical spectrum of a) LG-1 fabricated glass, and b) Barium meta-phosphate specimen (raw material)Table 1 List of the impurities present in the glass samplesSummaryWe have presented XRF analysis on different laser glasses (LG-1 to LG-6) and raw materials (AMP, BMP and KMP) used for the fabrication of such glasses. The impurities in these glasses may be entering during handling or coming from the silica crucible, or the cast for the glass-cullet. The XRF method was also found to be sensitive up to 3 ppm of platinum, as was notice in studies of LG-4 glass. In contrast, the raw materials were found to be free from transition element impurities. Further studies to improve the quality of glass are essential to be undertaken.AcknowledgementWe acknowledge the contribution of Dr. R. Sen, Dr. Annapurna and other colleagues of the glass division, CGCRI Kolkata for readying of the phosphate laser glass samples for the XRF studies.ReferencesL. L. Seaver, LLNL report (925) 423 (Oct. 2010)J. H. Campbell and T. I. Suratwala, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 318, 2638 (2000).M. Mantler and M. Schreiner, X-Ray Spectrum. 29, 3 (2000)A.S. Joshi et al, EPJ wind vane of Conferences 59, 08001 (2013).M. K. Tiwari, P. Gupta, A. K. Sinha, S. R. Kane, A. K. Singh, S. R. Garg, C. K. Garg, G. S. Lodha and S. K. Deb, J. Synchrotron Rad. 20, 386 (2013).V.A. Sol, E. Papillon, M. Cotte, Ph. Walter, J. Susini, Spectrochimica Acta B 62, 63 (2007)

Sin Tax Bills Pros And Cons Economics Essay

nefariousness Tax Bills Pros And Cons economicals EssayWith tobaccos and cig arttes creation the major cause of lung cancer goal s in the Filipinos, advocates argon pushing to good-by the netherworld Tax Bill. wrong-doing app countermand r chargeue enhancement income bank bill is the levy levied on either products that argon nonorious to be disadvantageous same derrieres, alcohol and hitherto activities interchangeable gambling. In connection to this, it is say to be effective in reducing behaviour of u gooffulnessg such. This dissertation paper aims to show the pros and cons of the hell on earth Tax Bill reforms to the Philippine economy, presented in the lead the Senate and the House. There were three specific ill-doing impose reforms discussed, the Abaya Bill, Recto Bill, and the Santiago Bill. This bring accentuates that the benediction of the utter bill has its slap-up advantages that entrust help the agriculturals economy, exactly its workable d isadvantages must(prenominal) not be neglected. Moreover, the ideas written here argon not against the bill, just on that pointfore require except analysis and revisions that ar deemed helpful to the Philippine Economy.DiscussionIntroduction correspond to the World health Organization in 2009, tobacco is responsible for 12% of male and 6% of female deaths humanitywide. The Acting Chief of NCI baccy Control Research Brach Chief, Michele Bloch, MD, PhD verbalize that over on the whole around the globe, in that location be 41% of men that roll of tobacco and entirely 9% for women also it is estimated that the total number of tobacco-re easyd deaths go forth go from 6 million today to 8million in 2030 (Fromer, 2011). ein truth(prenominal) day, a person dies from lung cancer in the Philippines. baccy or hind end is the altogether legal consumer product that kills half of its users when used as direct by the manufacturer. And not only cigarettes, but as well as som e different socially proscribed goods such as alcoholic beverages, drugs and even soft drinks (in other areas), are considered to be undesirable or harmful, and so were levied with higher(prenominal) assesses compared to the original by the disposal in laymans term The Sin Tax.Sin appraise in modern economic terms, are turn outwardness revenuees, taxes designed to reduce behaviour which is known to be harmful to society (Gifford, 1997. p.1). It is an collide with tax on which its objectives is to commence consumers lose interest in purchase such by impo ill-doingg taxes on goods that are known to be harmful and lethal such as cigarettes and liquor or activities like gambling (Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2012).Before, a Tiered Specific Tax dodging based on suggested retail value (srp) was put in broadcast. Until the late Pres. Corazon Aquinos administration in 1986, reforms the tax system by changing the specific or unit-based tax to an Ad valorem Scheme, from where t he price is based on the manufacturers, for cigarettes. From wherefore on, sliminess tax bill was revised umpteen times until the yr 2004, where the Congress mountain passed Re ordinary Act No. 9334 an act change magnitude the tax collection but this is widely considered to be ineffective and a watered- pop up law. On its implementation in January 2005, under(a) this law, all brands of cigarettes and alcohol products are mandated to an adjoin in the excise tax rate every deuce break away of studys, up until the year 2011, where there testament be specified varying evaluate of accessions (Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2012).The matter on the issuance of the new sin tax bills proposed by different officials, mainly those of Abaya, Recto and Santiago, has caught many people in in the midst of two seams. The Department of Finance wants the sin tax bill to raise P60 cardinal to fund the regimens universal healthcare program, especially for the care of globe hospital pati ents with lung diseases. The bills obvious benefit on its approving is to a greater extent health-related, but there are still quite a number of critics against the approval of the tell bill. Why? Because there are seven-fold reasons as to wherefore the sin tax bill reform must not be approved and therefore must be a subject for further and to a greater extent than improved revisions.Different types of Sin Tax Bills proposedA entropy from the American Cancer Society and World Lung Foundation says, Despite the cosmea of laws that limit smoking, male Filipino smokers are among the top smokers in the world occupying the ninth spot following India and China among others (Manongdo, 1). In accordance to this, many government officials started passing reforms of different kinds that are to change the current sin tax bill implemented.Firstly, the approved Abaya Bill House Bill 5727, or the Act Restructuring the Excise Tax on Alcohol and Tobacco Products states that there result be e qual taxes rates to be charged to any cigarette brands. With this, there impart be competition between cigarette companies. Cavite Rep. Joseph Emilio Abaya agreed to amend the sin tax on tobacco products from one(a) tax system to two marks. Under substitute bill, there allow for be two tiers or groups for cigarettes while distilled and fermented liquor lead saying at 3. Tier 1 Cigarette packs priced lower than 11.50php below are meted with a P12 tax on the first year and P24 on the next year while on Tier 2 Cigarette packs priced 11.50php above are meted with P28.30 on the first year, and P30 on the second year. Indexation or amplification depart be 8% for every two years, until the year 2025. It has been over 15 years since a sin tax bill made it out of committee meetings in Congress. A landslide vote happened in June, where 210 lawmakers voted to pass the amended House Bill 5727, by Cavite Rep. Abaya. But the bill was watered down, since the bill aims to reduce consumption of tobacco and alcohol, especially among the poor, while elevation rise to poweral revenues, which give be channeled to the governments health care program (Balea, 2012). jibe to Finance Assistance depository Teresa Habitan, amended version result only translate to P33 billion from the original plan of P60billion revenue.Secondly is the Recto Bill by Sen. Ralph Recto. For cigars, the current 2-tiered NRP-based structure shall be retained, but starting prove 1, 2013, there shall be an growth to the ad valorem rates by more(prenominal) than ascorbic acid percent. Pursuant to Cathy Yamsuans report in the Philippine Daily Inquirer 2012, there will be an increase of 121 percent to hand-packed cigarettes taxes from P2.72 to P6 per pack beginning March 1, 2013, particularly in low-priced cigarettes. While mid-priced cigarettes, a 32% snarf from P7.56 to a P10 tax and high-priced cigarettes, a 17% increase from P12 to P14 tax per pack. Recto, however, presented a committee repor t that would raise only between P15 billion and P20 billion in additional sin taxes.Lastly is Sen. Miriam Santiagos proposed reform.Santiago said that under her bill, 85 percent of the P60 billion would be used for the government health program while the remaining 15 percent for pencil eraser nets that would ensure that tobacco farmers can shift to more lucrative crops like vegetables that put on a bigger market than tobacco (Yamsuan, 2012, 12).No more further discussions needed to Santiagos Bill because Juan Ponce Enrile, the current Philippine Senate President, say that the Santiago bill is al some similar to the governments original position.Sen. Miriam Defensor-Santiagos version of the Sin Tax Bill or the Senate Bill 3249 espouses a single tier excise tax scheme for cigarettes. The version reported out by Rectos Ways and Means Committee pushes a multi-tier scheme, while the House-approved bill is a two-tier system.AdvantagesThere are a lot to mention when we look in-depth to the possible benefits, the country whitethorn be subjected to, that will be a great help to the society. Here, there are three main points that are virtually likely to be emphasized. First are the sin tax bills health-related purposes and benefits. Since the historical reason behind the implementation of this law is to dissuade the people, especially the offspring to smoke cigarettes and indulge themselves to other vices, Department of Health (DOH) said that sin tax bill is a health bill. If this is approved, many Filipino lives will be saved if this law is effective complete aft(prenominal) its implementation. As stated by The National Youth Commission (NYC), the number of young smokers in the country had increased. Two of five Filipinos aged 13 to 15 years old consumed tobacco last year. The increase in cigarette prices may thus limit the number of young smokers (Garcia, 2012, 15). On the other hand when the Laylo Research Strategies made a poll survey on how will Filipino smokers react if there is an increase in sin taxes, the survey results confirms what the advocates have been saying higher tobacco taxes would accomplish discourage consumption and therefore reduce the number of Filipinos who either develop diseases or die from smoking. The Southeast Asia Initiative on Tobacco Tax says higher sin taxes can help save 140,000 to 1.3 million Filipinos. With the pending Sin Tax bill likely to affect cigarette prices, 31% of the prescribed smokers said they will slowly stop smoking, while 17% will stop immediately (Rappler. 2012 24).In a study on Tobacco and Poverty of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2008, the one-year government revenues of P23 Billion from tobacco taxes is not enough compared to the conservatively estimated P149 Billion annual economic losses repayable to expenses for productivity and health care cost of the top four tobacco related diseases Cancer, Chronic Obstructive pulmonary Disease, and stroke. (Manongdo, 2012). Accordi ng to reports furnished, the money the government spends on tobacco-related healthcare issues is more than the revenue it gets from the taxes collected from tobacco and alcohol products. This way that the government is spending more to cure diseases chronic pulmonary diseases, amount of money disease, cancer, liver diseases etc. that are caused by the consumption of tobacco and alcohol (Garcia, 2012 9).Secondly, with higher sin tax rates means higher government revenues. Lets say theres no humankind of the sin tax bill, which means, 0% tax increase. With no tax, the government will only garner 25.4B php annually. But in consideration of the Rectos Bill, with 65% tax increase, there will 37.8B php revenue. While in Santiagos Bill, with 265% tax increase, there will be no less than 68.7B php revenue, which is by the way more than enough for the governments goal of 60B php. According to Dr. Antonio Dans, professor at the UP-College of Medicine, with the approval of 265% proposed t ax increase by Santiago chances are, smoking rates will go down to 26% from 31%.. That drop from 31% to 26% represents more than two million people stopping smoking. If you stop smoking, you will avoid death from 49 diseases that can kill you from smoking like lung cancer, coronary diseases, stroke, heart attack, chronic pulmonary diseases (Antonio, 2012, ).Lastly, outside(a) smuggle of cigarettes will be lessened. According to Sen. Pia Cayetano, the Philippines has the second cheapest retail price in Asia (in terms of cigarettes). p pulsation among the cheapest in the world, primarily because of relatively low tobacco taxes. Many other countries levied heavy amount of tax on cigarettes as part of their public health policy. Dr. Aida Yurekli, coordinator of the WHOs Tobacco-Free Initiative, says the nations low taxes on tobacco drive the foreign take for illegal imports of cigarette from the Philippines.He once thought the China is the main source of smuggled cigarettes, but he found out that there was a big number coming from the Philippines. Since tobacco companies are paid (low) taxes, they scat to overproduce. And an excess of 2 billion packs from the 5.4 billion packs to be produced this year, from which only 3.5 billion packs will be consumed, makes it suspicious (Merueas, 2012).With the effectiveness of tax increase, Philippine cigarettes would not be any cheaper than before, and thus will discourage international smuggling, since tobacco companies will pay more taxes, and no longer will have rooms for overproduction that may end up as smuggled goods to other countries.DisadvantagesThough many people, if asked, are pro-sin tax bill, delinquent to its undeniable benefits, lawmakers, still, remain divided over the sin tax bill. Debaters tend to overlook the possible drawback, the sin tax bill, may offer to the countrys economy.Tobacco farmers are the most affected in the approval of the any bills mentioned above. La Union Rep. Victor Francisco Ort ega said that many tobacco farmers were able to shine their children due to their jobs in the tobacco industry. It has done more good, than evil, he said in an interview hosted by respected broadcast journalist Rappler editor-at-large Cheche Lazaro (Bisyo A special report on Sin Tax, 2012).In the interview, Bayan Muna Rep. Neri Colmenares said,The government has not provided a comprehensive program for the support services, subsidy and assistance to tobacco farmers. Tobacco farmers will not benefit from the increase of retail prices of cigarettes increase due to sin tax. Therefore, the higher sin taxes will definitely negatively affect the tobacco industry, which will result into unemployment to huge industries like peril Tobacco and the likes. (Bisyo A special report on Sin Tax, 2012)In one of the three stated bills proposed above, specifically the Abaya Bill, inequity in price the goods may occur. If all brands will be taxed similarly, small scale companies are at a big loss a nd at the worst scenario, may stop production. Abaya suggested that equality in taxes will create competition between large scale companies and local tobacco companies but the latter will be burdened more since bigger companies are far more able in paying the demand tax levied to their products. With high taxes means less production, which will end up to less profit by the company, and later on bankruptcy. On a debate, Sen. Ralph Recto said that if they tax withal much, it may kill industries, and even the cigarette industry may be burdened too much already. Revenues may be lessened due to insufficient companies producing cigarettes, from where taxes are supposedly to be collected from.Too high taxes may result in less revenue. How? One of the debaters in the senate, Mr. Manos Koukourakis said, When you use so high tax increases, people will find preference ways to smoke (Bisyo A special report on Sin Tax, 2012). Consumption did not diminish on the contrary, it has increased. At first, sin taxes will give increased revenues for the government, but in no time, it will go on drastically. Why? Because of smuggling. Taxing cigarettes and other sin products will not make people quit intousing it. Its already an addiction and this simple means of increasing retail price is not the answer. Recto said in one of his reports, the resultant role is not to severely tax the sin products but to ban them completely.When the price of any product rises excessively, smugglers bring in cheaper products. So instead of disapprove consumption, the very high prices actually encourage it because the smuggled products are very cheap (Cruz, 2012, 4).A House leader from the Philippine deputation warned that if ever the government would not take a second look to these proposed sin tax bills, the signing of the free trade agreement (FTA) with EU or the European Union, may be put in jeopardy. The EU expressed their continuous objection to the sin tax bill. EU clientele Commissione r Karel De Gucht told the lawmakers that the approved House version and proposed Senate version will not pass the World Trade Organization (WTO) compliance because of unfair taxation (Luci, 2012). British American Tobacco (BAT) Philippines general manager James Michael Lafferty said, The current tax system has worked against the entry of new brands into the market(Galang, 2012, 46).ConclusionSen. Miriam Defensor Santiago, one of the most vocal sin tax bill advocates said, When cigarettes and liquor are cheap, more people will use them- and so this has been the advocates standing point. The sin tax bill had been a controversial debate to the lawmakers. It made Sen. Ralph Recto, the chairman of the Senate committee, take after numerous opposition from the Senate he had Sen. Franklin Drilon take over his place after resignation. They even called his proposed bill a watered-down bill or ineffective.In the approval of the Sin tax bill, relations with the European Union may be affected. If ever the Philippines free trade with EU will be cut-off, our economy will lose a lot. And not only that, since Lucio Tan, a renowned business tycoon, is the owner of the biggest tobacco company in the country, the sequel Cigarette, increasing of taxes to the sin products might be reflected to other major companies under him as well, like those of Philippine Airlines and the likes. All these factors will not increase the governments revenues, and on the other end might be the opposite. Therefore the sin tax bill has defeated its main purpose of raising revenues.Also, the argument of the pro-sin tax bill that higher taxes would discourage smokers is a mere assumption. They have not presented clear provisions and relied on surveys, which is not at all very reliable.Then again, according to Benjamin Diokno, professor of Economics at the School of Economics, UP Diliman and former secretary of work out and management undersecretary for budget operations in the Aquino 1 administration , talking about the threat of smuggling, it is real, and ignoring it would be a monumental mistake. The country has been facing a lot of smuggling consequences in other products like rice, oil products, and other consumer goods continuously. And the possible addition of cigarettes to be smuggled would be a lot of work for the part of Internal Revenue, which he considers weak (Diokno, 2012).But behind the drawbacks mentioned, there are a lot of other alternatives, other than burdensome, that may discourage and lessen the use tobaccos and cigarettes. One suggestion is the proposal of former Health Secretary Esperanza Cabral to put graphic photographs of smokers with lung or mouth cancer on the packs of cigarettes, and they commit it should scare some of them into stopping smoking. Though most of the tobacco industries are against it, the Philippine Senate and Congress are also in debate about it. Another suggestion is the prohibition of smoking in the public, from which the Senat e lose the case against tobacco companies.In the question of what would be the most effective among the proposed bills. The countries Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos currently part of this worlds emerging economies use ad valorem rates in taxing their products like tobacco and alcohol. These countries must have adopted ad valorem taxation, after learning the best practice from their foreign tax consultants. The Philippines is the only country in the region that uses specific rates(Diokno, 2012, 7).On the contrary, eeconomist and former Economic Planning Secretary Solita Collas-Monsod at a forum on Tuesday, kinfolk 18, 2012 said that the tobacco industry players are disseminating about the possible aftermaths of the proposed sin tax measure on the Philippine economy, from which she considered as all lies. She unlike all the issues discussed and declared that these are just false claims (cited from Fonbuena, 2012).But experts urge the Senate to use the proposed bill of Sen. Miriam San tiago. This, Santiago said, would help avoid the 240 deaths daily among Filipino smokers with P200-billion health costs to government. It hews much more to the actual realities and the actual principles that we want. If everybody is in favor of a sin tax bill, lets start with that sin tax bill, economics professor Solita Monsod commented to Santiagos version of the bill, from where tobacco and alcohol products projected tax revenues will be around P60 billion (cited from Chua, 2012, 3).The author is not against the approval of this bill, but thus, is in favor of the amendment and better revisions of the sin tax bill. deal must look not only to the possible advantage it may bring, but one should always be aware of the possible drawback it will take along its process. The benefits, the sin tax bill, will bring the Philippines is undeniable. Health-related and even revenues is a given. But the fact it has taken a long course of almost 16 years of amendment, has a reason. There are mul tiple reasons as to why the sin tax bill reform must not be approved and therefore must be a subject for further and more improved revisions and this reasons must not be neglected.

Environmental And Family Factors Social Work Essay

Environ intellectual And Family Factors affectionate Work EssayIt is important to note that pseudonyms hand been wontd passim the case study in ball club to protect confidentiality, in bond paper with the NMC (2008) Code Standards of Conduct, Performance and Ethics for Nurses and Midwives.wellness experienceing praxis involves the prep bedness of activities aimed at up(a) the strong-arm, kind, emotional and entreible wellness and well beness of the population, preventing unsoundness and reducing inequalities in wellness ( doh, 2006). Children who come from families with multiple risk factors and ar even more possible to be disadvantaged in phone call of poor wellness and social come forthcomes such(prenominal)(prenominal) as victimizational delay, doings problems, safeguarding concerns, mental illness, substance misuse, teenage p atomic number 18nting, low educational attainment and anger behaviour (WAG, 2012). The role of the Health Visitor is to identify nestlingren and families that atomic number 18 at exalted risk and or possess low protective factors and to verify that they learn a personalised service to meet their necessarily. The services ask may range from unmatch sufficient off encumbrances to long term intense support. The Health Visitor leave behind ensure that adequate supportive resources argon allocated to the family and leave behind engage and work with key partners/agencies to meet the wider wellness of necessity of the children and families (WAG, 2012).This case study leave alone explore the inevitably of a family inwardly the school-age child wellness visitants practice case load. Lisa, a 24 stratum old m separate of three, was living in a third blast flat without a working lift. Her partner Chris was working lavishtime so she was left-hand(a) to alone look aft(prenominal) a fumble and three course old twins. This meant Lisa was military groupively trapped in the flat as she matt-up unable to safely move all the children d take aimstairs to withdraw out. This came to the charge of the wellness visitant who was concerned that Lisa was 7 weeks postnatal and had not been attention well baby clinic with the baby as aforethought(ip). Consequently a happen up main office visit was arranged to compete the babys 8-week check and it was an luck for Lisa to complete the Edinburgh Postnatal Scale (EPDS) as per topical anaesthetic go for policy. During the honour up visit Lisa disclosed to the student and Practice Teacher that she had been perception low and was finding it difficult to get motivated. Lisa was aware that not go forth the flat during the week when Chris was at work was having a negative picture on her own upbeat and her childrens maturement. She stated that her relationship with Chris had bring about more and more strained he was working long hours at a topical anaesthetic factory in request to turn in for his family, which resulted in the couple using up very little time together. Lisa also disclosed that they had not broadcastned to have both more children after having the twins due to monetary difficulties, further Lisa had become pregnant while taking the contraceptive pill. Lisa mentioned that on occasions, when Chris comes home in the evening, the twins would lock in be in their pyjamas and he was becoming increasingly frustrated with the situation however, he was aware that Lisa was durable a epoch-making lack of sleep during the night due to the baby waking for feeds and understood she was exhausted in the day needing to meet the postulate of two brisk three yr old girls. Lisa stated she felt isolated and trapped by the situation but felt powerless and unable to repair how she was feeling due to the factors which were out of her control. The lack of social housing and the high cost of private rental properties meant that the family were unable to move. Lisa and Chris both had difficult relationshi ps with their families and had limited social support. Lisas EPDS result was 18 which was of concern, however, inquiry apprizes that this showing process may not be direct to effective acknowledgment of PND, with studies finding that more than half the cases of PND are unrecognised by health visitants and GPs (Kulsar, 2011 Seeley et al, 1996).This family was chosen for discussion be lesson a signifi sternt body of evidence has emerged including the novel reviews by Tickell (2011), Field (2010) and Marmot (2010) indicate that the initial first long time of a childs life have a major forceion on their overall health potential, and future happiness and wellbeing. The Millennium Cohort findings also suggest that during the previous(predicate) years of a childs life, maternal depression kitty have a signifi ejectt effect on healthy attachment and soldering which can have profound personal effects later in life.Experiencing mental health problems is extremely difficult at any time, however, in that location are considerably greater implications when undergo during pregnancy and the postnatal period, possibly track to serious consequences for the mother, her infant and family members (NICE, 2007). PND is defined by Robertson (2010) as a non-psychotic depressive full term that can practically affect women in the first six months future(a) childbirth. Conversely, Gibson et al. (2009) define PND as a mental and emotional disorder, which can often occur in women up to one year after child birth. Robertson (2010) identifies that the symptoms of PND do not differ from symptoms of mild to moderate depression experienced at other times except for the likelihood that the baby will often be the focus of the womens worries, thoughts and feelings, which develop into a deep overnight term depression. The Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Death (2008) account PND as the bringing cause of maternal death in the UK. The enquiry reported 29 maternal deaths wer e as a result of suicide during pregnancy or within the first six months postnatal. WHO (2010) predicts that depression will be a leading primary cause of disability due to ill health by the year 2020. Mental health is a central unexclusive health issue that should be a priority and PND is a significant contributor to this public health issue, with a number of studies showing women are of increased risk of developing depression play alonging childbirth than at any other time in their exserts (Almond, 2009).There is a superfluity of literature relating the prevalence of PND. The Department of Health (2011) and Royal College of Psychiatrists (2011) report that 1 in 10 mothers in the United Kingdom experience PND, which is the statistic ofttimes quoted. However, Almond (2009) argues that the true incidence is much higher, estimating that as many as 1 in 5 women suffer PND. Most episodes of PND resolve spontaneously within three to six months but evidence indicates 1 in 4 affected mothers continue to suffer for more than a year after childbirth (BMJ, 2010).Evidence from a young study by Kulcsar (2011) reveals that 70,000 mothers in the UK suffer from PND each year and half of these mothers and their families suffer in silence each year. The sooner a mother with PND gets help, the less change it will be for her and her family, but early treatment depends on being able to recognise the condition.In the majority of cases the health visitor will be the first and only contact with individual or family experiencing difficulties in their mental health (CPHVA, 2009 Millar and Walsh, 2000).Therefore the health visitors role is pivotal in the sensing of PNDthrough the screening procedures and during the subsequent referral process.It is essential therefore that the health visitor has the skills necessary for the detection of mental health problems and is able to deliver interventions that evoke a clients mental health early identification and support for families i s a key intervention highlighted by WAG (2012). The health visitors role is to prize for depression using national proposeations (NICE, 2007).Identifying needs and recognising the enamor level of need can be achieved through several approaches. Maslow (1954) introduced the concept of a pecking order of needs. This hierarchy is often presented as a pyramid. The bottom level of the pyramid forms the most basic needs, while the more complex needs are located at the top of the pyramid. Needs at the bottom of the pyramid are basic somatic requirements including the need for food, water, sleep, and warmth. Once the lower-level of need have been met, people can move on to the next level of needs, which are for safety and security. As people progress up the pyramid, needs become increasingly psychological and social. Soon, the need for love, friendship, and intimacy become important. Further up the pyramid, the need for personal esteem and feelings of accomplishment take priority. Like Carl Rogers, Maslow evince the impressiveness of self-actualization, which is a process of growing and developing as a person in order to achieve individual potential.This assignment will now explore the framework utilised for the assessment of the familys needs. In cases where there is a perceived need The Welsh Assembly Government (2006) advocates the use of a holistic needs assessment to be carried out by the health visitor. The framework adapted and implemented by the local trust (Local Trust, 2008) is based on the Common judgement simulation (CAF) (Department of Health, 2000) which offers an effective apparatus for early identification of redundant needs. The CAF provides the health visitor with a logical approach to the constitutionatic collection and recoding of information that focuses on the childs needs and strengths, taking account the role of conjures, carers and the impact of wider environmental factors on paternal capabilities, in order to gain a holistic vie w of a familys situation. However, this would not be possible without effectively engaging the family within the process, this requires being open and honest with parents and appreciating that they may be fearful that they are being viewed as failing (Aldgate and Bradley, 1999).The structure of the assessment framework provides a foot for implementing support and appropriate intervention and a mechanism for the health visitor to make judgements on how best to support the family such as making appropriate referrals and sharing information within agencies in order to tolerate awareness within the multi-disciplinary team of the factors which are impacting on the familys health and well-being.The health visitor has a lead role in co-ordinating agencies in order to ensure that the family is not overwhelmed with contacts unnecessarily. The health visitors role also involves anticipating and reacting to needs as they present plus maintaining up-to-date, accurate documentation that includ es a record of the function of other services.. In this dash, provision of appropriate services are contumacious and do available as the need arises (DoH, 2004).Appleton and Cowely (2008) states the assessment of a familys health need is a alert element of health visiting practice and requires the health visitor to utilise many skill, knowledge and judgements to make a pivotal assessment in assessing need, safeguarding children and in determining levels of health intervention to be offered to children and their families.For the purpose of the case study the domains of the framework will be discussed individually concentrating on the childs developmental needs, parenting capacity and family and environmental factors.The Assessment Framework (DoH, 2000) assisted the student health visitor to contemplate the wider determinates of health such as the social, economic and environmental conditions which have an impact on health (Dahlgren and Wightehead, 1991). In relation to this case study the rationale for a follow up home visit was that Lisa had not been attending well-baby clinic with Amy as planned. The student health visitor had not previously met Lisa thus the home visit provided a valuable opportunity for her to form a relationship with Lisa in the security of her own home and facilitated the initial assessment (Streeting, 2010).Environmental and family factorsThe home visit was a valuable opportunity for the student health visitor to begin to make an assessment of the home environment in order to ascertain if it is a safe, appropriate environment for a child to live in. Lisa and Chriss flat appeared to be a relatively hygienic environment with necessities such as water/heating/sanitation facilities and cooking amenities sleeping arrangements were suitable. The family were experiencing financial difficulties. Although Chris was employed the household income was low. Lisa was unemployed having previously worked in sell prior to having children, but due to lack of childcare the couple had made the decision that she would stay at home to look after the children. The effects of hardship can increase the likelihood of behavioural problems that can affect a childs ability to learn, which in turn affects educational and economic outcomes and these unseemly behaviours can have long-term detrimental effects on the kinetics of low-income families (Duncan, Claussens, and Engel, 2004).Lisa and Chris live in an area with adequate amenities such as a local General Practitioners Surgery and pharmacy, with good transport system to the nearby towns. However, Lisa and the children had become isolated in their home due to Lisas trustworthy mental health issues and lack of support.Housing was a factor that was adding to the difficulties Lisa was experiencing, specifically the issue relating to leaving the flat and having no operational lift. Shelter (2012) recommend that housing and childrens services work together to collect information that iden tifies the impact of bad housing on outcomes. Completing a CAF will assists the health visitor to identify causes for concern and liaise with local the housing subdivision where appropriate. In full consultation with Lisa, a letter was provide to the local housing authority highlighting concerns the family had. Joint Working Shelter believes that a stable home and immediate environment are fundamental to the wellbeing of children. Research by Shelter (2006) shows that outcomes are seriously undermined if there is visitation to recognise problems and put a childs need for a stable and fair home at the heart of any practice. Lisa and Chris were awaiting a move to a house and at the point of writing this case study they were still situated in the flat, however, the lift had been repaired but continued to be out of use on several occasions.As Lisas mental health was a cause for concern an assessment was undertaken by using the 10 misgiving Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) , (See Appendix 2). It is acknowledged as a valuable and effective way of identifying mothers experiencing depression (Cox et al, 1987). The EPDS is a tool that is round-eyed but effective screening tool. Mothers who score above 13 are likely to be suffering from depressive symptoms. The EPDS score should not override clinical judgment. Lisa scored 18 out of 30 and it was agreed that she would make an appointment with her GP for further assessment, to confirm the diagnosis and discuss treatment options.Listening visits were whence offered this is a form of treatment provided by the health visiting service. A study by Turner et al (2010) indicated all 22 women who were interviewed after receiving this service reported the visits as beneficial, although many of them had also required additional intervention to manage their symptoms. For women with mild to moderate mental health problems, active listening provides opportunities for women to describe their experiences and tell their s tories, and represent a useful way of establishing good rapport (Kulsar, 2011).A fundamental strategy in the onward motion of maternal mental health is the use of effective skills to form a therapeutic relationship. Health visiting is recognised as being a relationship-based activity (Cowley, 1995 and Kendall, 1993). It is essential therefore that the health visitor has the skills necessary for the detection of mental health problems and is able to deliver interventions that promote a clients mental health through fostering good, open communication. Research by Saunders (2001) into assessing a familys needs and vulnerability has demonstrated that a client-centred, open approach promotes a trusting relationship that is empowering.Developmental needsThe Assessment Framework DoH (2000) recognises that consideration should also be given to any social or environment disadvantages that can have an impact on the childs development. Amy was now septette weeks old and from holistic observa tion and assessment of her growth measurements she was at the typical stage of health and development for her age. Lisa was due to attend her 8 week postnatal visit with her GP the following week. The World Health composition (2008) reports that maternal mental health is inextricably linked with both carnal and psychological development of children. Tackling the maternal mental health needs is likely to benefit these important outcomes. Field (2010) supports this, stating that maternal physical and mental health is a key driver of life chances throughout childhood which can have a major impact on inequalities in health and wellbeing as an adult. When PND is untreated it is associated with many adverse effects on the infant and can impact on child development with potentially severe consequences in behavioural and physical development (Smith, 2011 Meredith and Noller, 2003).Bowlby (1988) identified the importance of attachment in the midst of mother and infant, highlighting the i nfants need for a responsive enate figure that is both physically and emotionally available. More recent evidence indicates that a depressed mother may not be able to provide the attention and stimulus an infant requires in the early stages required for emotional and cognitive development. The consequences initially can be behavioural problems, issues with eating and sleeping, plus delay in speech development which can lead to problems socialising (Smith, 2011). Lack of maternal bonding and responsiveness in situations where mothers experience long-term depression can significantly affect a childs self-esteem and increase their own chances of developing depression later in life, reducing their quality of health and wellbeing (Murray et al., 2011). The Acheson report (1998) reinforces this by expression the best way to reduce inequalities in a childs mental and physical health is to focus on the interventions offered to parents. The evidence also indicates PND may lead to relation ship breakdown which can have a destructive effect on the family and society as a whole (Field, 2010).Parenting CapacityProviding for the childs physical and emotional needs involves ensuring appropriate provision of food, drink, warmth, shelter, clean and appropriate article of clothing and adequate personal hygiene in a secure safe, affect environment parents should also be able to communicate positively verbally and non-verbal (body language), which is fundamental to a childs health and development (Cowie, 2012 DoH, 2000).Cowie (2012) states that how and to what extent a parent interacts and the extent of infant attachment can be influenced by any difficulties the parent is experiencing. In this particular case the assessment of Lisas low wit could affect her ability to parent to full capacity in oblation the components necessary for positive parent/infant bonding and attachment to occur, which is indispensable to the development of a child (Department of Health, 2004). Lisa s emotional health was a cause for concern. The Department of Health (2000) reinforce this suggesting that a parents emotional health has an impact on parenting and the nature and quality of early attachments, which in turn can affect the characteristics of the childs temperament, adaptation to change, response to stress and degree of appropriate self-control.Therefore, by utilising the Assessment Framework, the needs and problems presented by the family were identified (DOH, 2000). Early recognition of parental issues is important to establish supportive, child-focused interventions the needs of the child must always be paramount (Local trust, 2008).The assessment the National Service Framework, WAG (2006) recognises that appropriate interventions and referrals should be made to other agencies if needs or problems are identified. The DOH (2010) puts off the notion that working with such a complex situation requires an appropriate level of knowledge, understanding, skills and abili ties. The CPHVA (2009) would agree as they suggest that assessing the risks for children relies on the skills, knowledge and abilities of the health visitor, therefore it is essential that all relevant information is shared between professionals.Consequently, Lisa was informed that, due to me being a student, my practice teacher (her health visitor) would need to be informed of all information disclosed. It was explained to Lisa that this was to ensure that the family gained the go down level of support.An important role of the health visitor is sign banknote and involving other agencies, including those within the voluntary sector that can for several(prenominal) families provide the most valuable intervention. Supporting parents is central to the current governments approach to improving childrens lives, which was highlighted in the strategy paper Every Child Matters (DoH, 2003).It has been acknowledged for some time that family support services should be offered where needs ha ve been assessed, and where there is a probability of increasing positive outcomes for children and families (McAuley et al, 2004). A timely referral was made, with Lisas full informed consent, to Home-Start which is a voluntary organisation situated locally but also operating on a national level and is one of the leading family support charities within the UK. The service is based on guardedly selected and appropriately trained volunteers offering regular confidential and non-judgemental support and friendship. virtual(a) help is given to young families under stress in their own homes thus preventing family crisis or breakdown. Home visiting volunteers are available to call weekly, and support can continue for as long as the family needs it or until the youngest child turns five.The objectives of Home-Start are to safeguard, protect and preserve good health, both mental and physical, of children and parents. Not having a good support network and having a partner that works long h ours increased Lisas feelings of isolation and loneliness which contributed to the development of PND. Following referral, Lisa and her matched volunteer got on well together and the volunteer helped her get motivated to leave her flat and get out for short walks initially. Lisa was able to use some of her volunteers home-visiting time getting little jobs done, such as hanging the washing out. Lisas Home-Start volunteer offered her vital links into the community, helping her access a mother and baby group, which provided a further opportunity for Lisa to flesh a support network that would help her to increase her confidence and parenting skills.McAuley et al (2004) state that mothers receiving the support of a Home-Start volunteer when they were experiencing high levels of stress reported that they valued the service and considered that it had a positive effect on their lives and relationships with their children and partners. Conversely, research carried out by Health Visitors in Formby made suggestions that more intensifier short-term support service (maybe twice week for parents who may have PND or multiple births) would enhance the outcomes. However, in Lisas situation, the weekly listening visits provided by the health visitor provided an increased level of intervention, which proved successful.In concord with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008), accurate documentation and record keeping is vital and therefore sack up, concise and factual documentation was provided in the Child Health records, recording all home visits made to the family home and telephone conversations. Hoban (2005) understandably illustrates the importance of accurate and effective record-keeping as he suggests that it is fundamental to high quality care. Lynch (2009) comments that accurate record-keeping also enables effective communication with other professionals involved in patients care. Additionally, the CPHVA (2009) clearly illustrate that the health visitor has a respon sibility to consult with colleagues, other agencies if they have concerns for safeguarding and protecting childrens welfare and to make a referral to Childrens Services when the threshold regarding the risk of harm is reached.The effectiveness of utilising the Assessment framework and intervention strategies can be evaluated by reflecting on practice. For example the Gibbs (1988) model of reflection will be used, as this model is clear and precise allowing for description, analysis and evaluation of the experience helping the reflective practician to make sense of experiences and examine their practice and provide an action plan for future care (Paget, 2001). As within this case study compact working was the key to draw upon the essential knowledge, skills and experience of healthcare professionals to improve the health inequalities that were affecting the familys health.In conclusion there is a all-powerful body of evidence to show that what a child experiences during the early y ears lays down a foundation for the whole of their life. A childs physical, social, and cognitive development (The Marmot Review, 2010)

Food Purchasing Cost Control

Food Purchasing Cost ControlIn the hospitality industry, get may be defined as a consumption concerned with the search, selection, get, receipt, storage, and final use of a commodity in accordance with the catering form _or_ system of government of the establishment. (Davis and Kotas, 198647)Davis and Kotas (1986) suggest that acquire is a unsounded function in the crapulence control cycle. If this function is managed efficiently, whence all hotel back tooth attain timbre beverage products at the minimum approach possible fit in to the comp boths financial objectives.The objective of beverage bargain is to batten consume the beaver whole step of items, at the lowest expense for a limited purpose. It is a mustiness to give considerable attention to the beverage court control since beverages ordain normally throw in more earnings than food. Fewer staff is involve to process beverage into a spotless item for consumption by the customers comp atomic number 18 s to food. (Davis et al, 2008)3.2 The Purchasing PersonnelStaff members that be responsible for the beverage acquires vary depending on the type and sizing of the establishment. (Davis and Kotas, 1986)The buying carriage is responsible for the beverage buying function in Hotels unmatched and Two. In Hotel-Three the acquire coach and the food and beverage animal trainer are responsible for the beverage buying function whereas in Hotel-Four the acquire manager and the cost control are accountable for this function. In Hotel-Two when at that place is a special theme night, the food and beverage manager entrust trade union the purchasing manager for such occasions.The purchasing function is centralised as hotel purchasing for Hotels One and Four. On the some other hand the purchasing function is centralised as a group purchasing for Hotels Two and Three. It was hold by all the interviewed personnel that the purchasing personnel leave to be experienced and knowledgeable m ost the products that they have to severalise. In fact the purchasing manager in Hotel-Three has over thirty years of experience in this function. In the case of Hotel-Two it was mentivirtuosod that although experience and knowledge are vital for the purchasing function, most items in Malta are standard. Additionally it was also institutionaliseed bulge protrude that the purchasing function depends on the demand of other incisions. There have to be cross functional teams (that is team effort) and strong communication among all the hotel de scoretments.Standards for beverage purchasing are developed for all the four hotels interviewed. Quality is inclined primary priority in all the hotels interviewed apart from for Hotel-Two where the first discernment is on the cost. In the case of Hotel-One, the products have to satisfy the bar manager and afterwards the purchasing personnel get out deal for the take up price for the pre-established flavour. They testament try to obta in the best price at the best quality. In Hotel-Three the purchasing personnel leave try to attain a balance betwixt price and quality however Quality is on top of the agenda. It is essential to consider the leverage of some of beverage items of individually outlet separately. For example the wines ecstasyed at the pool bar leave alone be at a rase quality and at a lower price when compared to the main bar. Each product can have a good quality, very good quality or best quality. The purchasing personnel have to choose the quality that is adequate for the particularised outlet. In Hotel-Four both quality and price are addicted right of federal agency however quality leave always win. In Hotel-Two price is given precedence in the sense that, when choosing between cardinal products with similar quality but different prices, the purchasing personnel will go for the cheaper product.The quantities of beverages to be ordered are instructd by the storekeeper with the skilled a ssistantance of the purchasing manager using a par stock level. When required in Hotel-One the cost ascendency will help out to determine the quantities to be ordered. In Hotel-Three the food and beverage manager will assist when needed to determine such quantities.3.3 The Selection of SuppliersThe providers selected can be either existing providers or potential suppliers. The advantage of the existing suppliers is that the quality of the goods received, the price and the service offered would all be already known. According to Dopsen, hay and milling machine (2007) when dealing with new suppliers it is vital to exercise prudence and to get the ensuant information as a minimumFull details of the substantial and the range of items it is sellingCopies of recent price incliningsDetails of trading priceDetails of other customers they deal withSamples of products.Ideally there should be a visit to any potential supplier to enhance knowledge about the size of the company the range o f the products the size of processing and storage facilities and to affect members of the management team. All these factors facilitate a sustainable long-term handicraft relationship. (Dopsen, Hayes and Miller, 2007)Suppliers can be chosen on the basis of their temper in the foodstuff, upon an investigation of a supplier and on the basis of their performance. The best supplier is the one who provides the firm with the most efficient service with forecast to quantity, quality, price and actors line performance. (Davis and Kotas, 198653)In all the hotels except for Hotel-Four there is a list of agreed suppliers from whom products are bought. Hotel-One has a list of preferred suppliers from whom the purchasing personnel will buy continually. It is a preferred suppliers list sort of than an approved suppliers list. The advantage of having a preferred rather than an approved list is that if any particular supplier will give you a weighed down judgment of conviction (not reliabl e towards the hotel), then this supplier can be right off replaced. Hotel-Two has an approved supplier when it comes to soft drinks and beers. When it comes to spirits, the suppliers are preferred rather than approved.Hotel-Three has contracts with the suppliers containing pre-agreed prices and pre-agreed quality of the listed products, however if something will not vary for example the quality will deteriorate, the purchasing personnel will alter the supplier if the problems will not be tackled. Although there is a contract, it is not a fixed hint that is the hotel personnel are not obliged to buy the beverage products from the specific supplier. Hotel-Four does not have any suppliers list. In this hotel the suppliers are chosen according to the quality of the products, the type of brands required and the services that the supplier will offer to the hotel.When selecting the suppliers, the criteria evaluated by Hotel-One are credit term, quality and prices. The credit term trans mit is given top priority. According to Hotel-One it is useless to go for the best quality and the best price if the credit name period is terse. In Hotel-Two price is given top priority when selecting suppliers while quality and lead time are also analysed to make the right decision. In the other two hotels quality is the most influential factor used to determine the suppliers to be chosen for the beverage products.Dopsen, Hayes and Miller (2007) explained that the supplier performance can be evaluated using the rating system which usually includes price, quality and delivery performance. Potential suppliers performance is only evaluated by Hotel-Three. Every now and then the purchasing manager will pick some items and verify if there is a better product in the market than the one that the hotel is soon using. The purchasing manager without involving employees in operation will pick up different products and will make a blind presentation and taste perception of the product. Th e purchasing department will decant the product that will be identifiable (delete the tag and the supplier name) and the food and beverage manager will rate the product using a rating sheet including quality, yields among other factors. The person rating the product will not know who the supplier is.Although the decision taken will not be based on price, the food and beverage personnel will know the price to be able to match the product being tasted with its price accordingly. There have to be a balance between quality and price. It can be that the product quality is superior compared to the hotel standard thus the product will not be affordable. indeed the rating sheet is filled out.Hotel-One pointed out that the suppliers evaluation and performance is not prepared because this does not add any value on the hotel sales.The cheapest item is not automatically the best to buy since low-cost products can lead to low quality. Normally the responsible persons go for the supplier on the basis of the quality required and then treat the best price for it. There is always a trade-off between quality and price.3.4 The Purchasing ProcedureAccording to Dopsen, Hayes and Miller (2007) the mixed steps in the purchasing procedure areThe initiation of a request to acquire beverages by an appoint employee such as the head of department or restaurant managerThe selection of the source of cut from which the goods are to be corruptd, and the price to be paidEntering into a contract with the supplier by tele resound, electronically or in compositionObtaining a satisfactory delivery performance from the supplier with regard to time, understand and place of deliveryThe acceptance of goods ordered and the transfer to the ordering department or to the stores.Purchasing is not a separate activity. What, how and when you buy must always reflect the overall goals of your establishment. Trends change so must you, the leverager. (Brown, 2005396)Dopsen, Hayes and Miller (2007) reco mmend that the procedure should reflect the type of the establishment and the market where it operates. Those responsible should consider the location of the establishment in relation to its suppliers the size of the storage facilities of the hotel the shelf life of the beverage product and the companys purchasing power. whatever the establishment is, it is crucial to have a sound purchasing policy so that satisfactory standards will be achieved.3.5 Purchasing OrdersIn every hotel it is vital to have purchasing policies and procedures which are planned to allow line of work transactions to take place smoothly between supplier and receiver. docudrama evidence should confirm that the procedures are actually being followed.In Hotel-One purchase orders are authorised by the purchasing officer and the financial accountant while in Hotel-Two these are authorised by the group purchasing manager. In Hotel-Three the purchase orders are authorised by the cost controller or the general man ager while in Hotel-Four these are authorised by the head of department and the latter will also give notice (of) with the financial controller and the general manager, if deemed necessary. In all the hotels those authorising purchase orders are independent from those responsible for issuing requisitions. This prevents certain abuses that can be carried out when the homogeneous person will be responsible for both authorising purchase orders and for issuing requisitions.In Hotel-Two the persons issuing requisitions are the head of departments or the supervisors. Then the storekeeper will deliver the items that were previously ordered and the cost controller will verify that every order is in its perspective. In Hotel-Four the purchase orders are prepared by the head of departments while for the other terzetto hotels, the purchase orders are prepared by the purchasing manager.Every hotel has a system of par stock level. In Hotel-One the cost controller will work to create a par sto ck level which will depend on the period of the year, the type of functions that the hotel has, and the type of clients that the hotel has. The aim of these par stock levels is to have some items of every stock with a limited quantity since excessive stock means hard cash put down the drain. Additionally useless stock will lead to negative cash flows.In Hotel-Two it was remarked that the par stock level used is an informal one that will be adapted according to the company needs. A point to note is that in Malta, hoteliers work a lot on a last minute purchases. This can be used since distances are short and so if there is a stock item missing, you can phone the supplier and the latter will bring the item in a few hours. In Hotel-Three the cost controller is responsible to ensure that stocks in the stores are kept lowest as possible as these will represent idle money.The information contained in the purchase orders of each hotel is approximately identical to each other. Hotels One a nd Three does not have the terms of payments listed in the purchase orders. The purchase order of Hotel-Three contained a disclaimer that declares that if the supplier (who will receive the purchase order) will not agree with the purchase order in terms of quantity or price or he does not have the pre-agreed brand, the supplier shall inform the purchasing manager before the delivery. In Hotel-Four the type of brand is not listed in the purchase orders.All the hotels have sequentially pre-numbered purchase orders. Normally a assume of the purchase order is being received by the supplier. The goods received shop clerk/storekeeper will also receive the purchase order and the same copy will go to the cost controller who will add it with the invoice and passes it by dint of his system and then the cost controller will give the purchase order to the accounts clerk who will pass it through the accounting system.On receipt of an authorised requisition form, it is vital to go over the ec onomic quantity to be purchased by checking the existing stocks and the sales slew forecast. After establishing the purchase requirements, a formal written purchase order is prepared. This serves as the basis for ordering. Written records lessen misunderstandings so it is better to guard some written record of purchases, preferably on a purchase order, to verify the accuracy of deliveries received. (Dopsen, Hayes and Miller, 2007)3.6 Concluding RemarkThink of purchasing as a cycle, not a one-time activity. Purchasing is not good a matter of phoning or emailing another order. You dont want to run out, nor do you want to overstock. (Brown, 2005395)

GDP vs Life Expectancy of Countries

gross domestic product vs Life Expectancy of CountriesWe ca-ca chosen to discourse the affinity mingled with GDP per capita vs. costlihood presentiment at birth. At first glance, it would appear that the GDP and wealth of a country should right away impact the purport anticipation of its citizens. However, when looking at the graph we gain that while there is in spades a correlation in the midst of GDP and life-time expectancy, their relationship isnt linear. This graph shows that the countries which switch a GDP of little than $10000 USD per capita have a life expectancy ranging from 45-80 years. In addition, the countries with a GDP of $15000- $40000 per capita have a relatively steady life expectancy of about 80 years with a sylphlike decrease as the GDP approaches $40000. This gives the graph a backwards L shape which is referred to as a Preston Curve1.In the pitifuler one-half of the area, the life expectancy ranges drastically between 45-80 years. The countr ies with the lowest life expectancy ar almost always alter by their GDP. When a country has a low GDP, the citizens dont have comme il faut money for essentials to survive. They argon forced to buy the cheapest viandss which dont have the proper amounts of nutrients demand to live gigantic, healthy lives. Likewise, these presidencys usually do not have adequate money to support and aid these citizens. Additionally, countries with low GDP run away to have poor health care systems to treat the terminally ill. This issue is exacerbated in these places be suffice the poorer countries are more comparablely to stricken with serious, potentially life impenetrable diseases like HIV. On the other hand, many countries with low GDPs have a very high life expectancy. One possible explanation for this phenomenon is that these countries are heavily involved in farming and agriculture. Thus, they have easy, cheap gateway to healthy food and other essentials to survive while not impart much to the GDP2. Another possible conjecture is that these countries have many citizens that are involved in illegal smuggling. A prime example is Mexico which has a GDP of a mere $6228 USD per capita coupled with a respectable life expectancy of 76 years. These people lavatory become very squiffy and live elegant, plentiful lives while contributing $0 to the GDP as much of their incomes is not reported because they do everything under the table. A three explanation why some countries have a high life expectancy despite a low GDP is because its government besottedly prioritizes needs over wants. Cuba is a good example of this. They have a very strong social support network that provides health coverage, government pensions and economic support to poor families3. While poor countries are definitely impacted by low GDP, they have many ways to live long lives without too much money.In the wealthier half of the world, life expectancy has remained steady at 80 years with a minor spill at the highest GDP levels. There are many ideas to rationalize the soundness in this part of the world. Firstly, people in the top absorb of the world usually dont spend more on essentials than the second quarter of people. They tend to spend more on wants such as fancy cars, vacations, electronics, etcetera Hence, the second quarter isnt lacking in any essentials that the first quarter has that would affect their life expectancy. Additionally, almost all governments in the top half of the world have excellent social and health services. Thus, even the poor in these countries receive appropriate and suitable care. However, as we approach the richest countries, the graph takes a slight dip down. somewhat statisticians believe that there is zip concrete to suggest any definitive reasons for this. However, some try to explain this phenomenon. Firstly, people with a high income are more susceptible to vocation fatalities as they are usually on the road more often. Similarly , they have the means to participate in risky, thrill seeking and expensive activities like sky diving. These people also tend to drink more which can lead to all sorts of illnesses. Another explanation given is pollution. The richest countries are the ones with the resources to mature high amounts of pollution. It has been proven that young children are especially susceptible to this. Economists Kenneth Chay and Michael Greenstone venture that the 1981-1982 oil shock recession may have saved as many as 2,500 infant lives in the United States through the slight reductions in air pollution caused by the reduced economic activity4. To summarize, although there is definitely a connection between high GDP and long lives, the relationship isnt perfect.As with any study, it is very difficult to distinguish between correlation and causation. Does A cause B? Or does B cause A? Is there a confounding or mediating factor? The relationship between GDP and life expectancy is no exception. Whi le we gear definitively prove that there is a causal effect, there is a strong correlation. As a result, it is incumbent on the governments in countries to with low life expectancy to take steps to increase the life expectancy of their citizens. Some examples include but are not limited to educational programs and food vouchers. It is our fervent hope that one day the life expectancy across the globe will be similar regardless of financial status.https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_curvehttp//www.statisticalconsultants.co.nz/ communicate/life-expectancy-at-birth-versus-gdp-per-capita-ppp.htmlhttp//financialnerd.com/relationship-life-span-gdp-per-capita/https//www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/10/the-relationship-between-gdp-and-life-expectancy-isnt-as-simple-as-you-might-think

missouri compromise :: essays research papers

The forefathers of our country had some(prenominal) ideals on the inherent inalienable rights of man, although this did not hold true for all in all peoples. Our country practiced buckle downry of the African. The agricultural economy of the southwestern necessary the labor of slaves to complete their work. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 outlawed thraldom of the true territory of the United States, but after the purchase of the Louisiana territory and the settlement to come, the question of slavery was once once again forced into the governmental arena of our country.1 The bit Compromise would be an effort to once again silence this issue. The articulate speeches of the 16th congress both north and south showed the strong positions held by each side. The defense of slavery in the 1790 1820 blockage may be characterized generally as being in a affirm quiescence, only occasionally roused from a passive condition to mystify articulate. On the other hand, the idea of sla very in the North was notwithstanding beginning to become formulated, and many northerners were beginning to see slavery as a threat to their institution of government. Thomas Jefferson, a proponent of the indwelling rights theory, stated that slavery was a cruel war against human disposition itself violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in persons of a aloof land.2 While the attitudes of northerners and southerners was not completely one for slavery, and on against, the events of the atomic number 42 debates would bring our country into a new era of a broadening schism between North and South with slavery as the chief(prenominal) cause. Never before had the South so vigorously defended slavery against the approach of northern offense.When the bill was first proposed in 1819 the number of redundant and slave states was equal at 11. When the debate got underway, Taylor and Tallmadge stated the argument strongly for the restricitonists, and Scott, seconds territ orial delegate, for the right of unqualified admission. Upon such a controversy, Missouris favor was already maintaing slavery in its border and the existence warranted statehood. By the compromise of 1787 Missouri would have become a free state because of the majority being North of the Ohio River. Slaveholders, however, were determined to bring slavery into Missouri, and a substantial number of slaveholders settled in Missouri.3 The proponents of the Missouri add-in argued that congress had no right to interfere with the construction of a state constitution except that it be Republican in form.

Investegation Of Megnetic Fields :: essays research papers

The Investigation of Magnetic Fields.IntroductionWe already know that the magnets choose a charismatic ambit around them, which allows them to attract magnetised elements wish smoothing iron. In this lab the magnetised field of a magnet depart be investigated. By putting a thin layer of iron filings on the peace of plastic under which will be a magnet bar, we will be able to instruct this field.PurposeTo see the patterns of a magnetic field of a single magnet and palm of two magnets when they are put together in opposite positions.Materials knave 369 in the textbook.ObservationsDiscussion1.A magnetic field is a field which is created by a magnetic substance, the field can either sicken or attract. The iron filings showed the magnetic field lines because they are a magnetic substance and are attracted, (or) repelled by magnets.2.a) Usually the denser the magnetic field is, the stronger the magnetic field is, because the ends of the magnet, where the lines that represent th e magnetic field are closest together, the magnetic field is strongest and where the this lines are farther apart, the magnetic field is weaker. B) The strongest point of a magnetic field is on poles of a magnet, the weakest point is in the philia between the two poles. That is because at the poles of the magnet there is only iodine pole either north or south and in the midsection there are both of them and the cancel distributively other out.3.With different poles the filings make a circular shaped around the two poles and they assort between them, that shows that two different poles attract each other . with analogous poles the filings circle away from each other and form a infield shape over the two poles. That shows that two like poles repel each other.

Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour :: Kate Chopin The Story of an Hour

Kate Chopins The Story of an HourKate Chopin was a Victorian writer whose composing manifests her life experiences. She was not happy with the principles of the time, because women had fewer rights, and they were not considered equal to men. Afraid of segregation from society, people lived in a hypocritical world full of lies moreoer, Kate Chopin was not afraid of segregation, and used her writing as a weapon against oppression of the soul. Marriage was an oppressor to Chopin, she had been a victim of this institution. Being a victim of married couple, Chopins Story of an Hour, is an expression of her turn over that, marriage is an institution that oppresses, represses, and is a source of discontent among human beings.Mrs. M aloneard love her husband.She wept at onceThis was her first response to the news of his death. She would not had grieved over someone she did not love. Even in the heat of her passion she thinks to the highest degree her lost love.She knew that she would w eep again when she saw the kind, tender hands folded in death the face that had never looked safe with love upon her, fixed and grizzly and dead.Her love may not have been the greatest love of all time, but it was still love.Marriage was not kind to Mrs. Mallard, her life was pall and not worth living, her face showed the years of repression. If she did love this man, why was marriage so harmful to her? Marriage was a prison for herThere would be no powerful will bending her in that blind industry with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow creature.Marriage oppressed her, she involve freedom, freedom to grow and do what she wanted to do, and marriage took that away from here. Chopin didnt believe that one person should take away anothers freedom.

self-discovery Through Adversity :: essays research papers

A self-discovery is the act or process achieving self-knowledge. In the short stories, A Small, neat Thing by John Updike and The blue Brother by Tobias Wolff, self-discoveries took place with Ann and Peter. Ann was a mother of one and a wife. Peter was a husband and a real estate agent. In the end both Ann and Peter get down to a self-discovery.Ann Weiss, from A Small, Good Thing, discovered how much she cared for her son. How she would do anything to get him back. After the demise of her son the Baker put her over the top. The phone calls that he would achieve were not called for at all. Ann was very unstable and she was about to blow at any second. When they got to the Bakers she went strike on him. Her son is dead and she is just exit to have to move on with her life. Peter, from The Rich Brother, discovered that no matter what his fellow did he really did love him. Donald, Peters brother, would always come to Peter for help. Donald never had any money. Every epoch Dona ld would need a place to roost Peter would let him stay at his augury that he worked so hard to get. Ann and Peter, both came to a self-discovery in their life. There are some similarities between the self-discoveries of Ann and Peter. One relation was how much love they had for their respective family. Ann being a mother she love her son so much. She spent all of her time at the infirmary wait for her son to wake up. She only went home once during the third days her son was in a comma. Peter did love his brother Donald. Peter always gave Donald money and let him stay at his house that he had worked so hard for. Donald went off to live at a farm. When he needed a place to stay because he was kicked off the farm, Pete said, I guess youll have to stay with us. Then Pete said, Ill come get you(Wolff 67). He knew that Donald would hitch hike home if he displace him money for a bus fare. So Pete picked him up. They also differ with from each one other. For example, Ann has always l oved her son on the other hand Pete at one point tried to kill Donald.

Reflections on The Tao Te Ching Essay -- Ancient World Culture

Reflections on The Tao Te ChingWhen the archeozoic Christians had to keep their faith against the persecutions of the Roman Empire, they had -- obviously -- a visible enemy. once their religion was legalized and established, however, they had new questions to ask concerning who they were, what could hurt their souls and their way of life. Some of them, at least, concluded that the materialism of the dominant Roman way of life was a non-agressive, provided equally corrosive force that would destroy them -- not physically, but spiritually. These Fourth Century Christians, men and women, then remaining their societies and withdrew into the desert to be able to find true paradise, not in a safe, pander niche in society, but in their relationship with God. That is, they had to escape the value that so comprehensively enveloped them that they could not think or feel distinctly about deeper matters. Thus freed in the desert, they could know what a full kind-hearted life was in practi ce. These spiritual discoveries of a way to live, to be, could then be used to challange the complex and tempting materialism that seemed to dominate the culture of the time.In a much briefer, easier, and less focused way, Henry David Thoreau, someone get in around known to our own time, tried his experiment by living for two years in the woods by Waldon Pond in night club to drive life into a corner and find out entirely what it really was worth and what it essentially meant. According to Thoreau, people too promptly accepted one already established set of ideas or another, favorable or bad assessments of life, and didnt seek answers for themselves. He too in his family of events wanted to make known what he learned, wanted to publish, as he said, the essential goodness or meanne... ...ind hits it. Those who by the age of eighteen arouse a bun in the oven thick calendars organizing their too-complicated lives, those who have learned that a branch does not have real meani ng, those whose religion tries to teach simplicity but does not get heard (consider the lilies of the field, they do not spin nor toil, yet Solomon in his glory was not so brightly arrayed) -- can we reckon the vision of the writings of one of us who lived 2500 years ago and left the city of confusion to find wisdom? Can we find in the tensions of his writings -- as they are the shapes of the tensions of living in a upturned world -- the way of life that is most natural? Can we be at home in the universe that produces us and mirrors so promptly what we are when we stop and look, wary as those crossing the ice, listening for cracks that capacity freeze them before they drowned, we see and hear the signs?

Structure in Hamlet Essay -- GCSE English Literature Coursework

Structure in critical point In Shakespeares tragic drama juncture, what is the structure? Is it a two-part turn of events of Rising Action and then Falling Action? Is it a three-part look? Or four parts? This essay will answer these questions and others tie in to structure. A.C. Bradley in Shakespearean disaster analyzes the structure of Shakespearean tragedy As a Shakespearean tragedy represents a conflict which terminates in a catastrophe, any such tragedy may roughly be dissever into three parts. The first of these sets forth or expounds the situation, or state of affairs, proscribed of which the conflict arises and it may, therefore, be called the Exposition. The second deals with the definite low gear, the growth and the vicissitudes of the conflict. It forms accordingly the multitude of the play, comprising the Second, Third and Fourth Acts, and usually a part of the First and a part of the Fifth. The final section of the tragedy shows the issue of the conflict in a catastrophe. (52) Thus the first step of the structure of Hamlet involves the debut of a conflict-generating situation. Marchette Chute in The Story Told in Hamlet describes the beginning of the Exposition of the drama The story opens in the cold and dark of a winter night in Denmark, while the guard is being changed on the battlements of the royal castle of Elsinore. For two nights in succession, just as the bell strikes the hour of one, a ghost has appeared on the battlements, a figure dress in complete armor and with a face like that of the murdered king of Denmark, Hamlets father. A young man named Horatio, who is a school friend of Hamlet, has been told of the apparition and cannot believe it, and one of the officers has... ...ive but eager Young Aristocrat. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ University of Delaware Press , 1992. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. m omma Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html West, Rebecca. A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT Yale University Press, 1957. Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. Hamlet A Man Who Thinks Before He Acts. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar. N. p. Pocket Books, 1958.

Rational Choice Theory Essay -- Legal Issues, Criminal Activity

on that point be lead main points that are reinforced in apt quality possible action (Cornish and Clarke, 1986). First, it may work better or worse for different types of crime, yet it is thought that thither are demythologised choices in every type of crime even impulsive and pathologic crimes. Second, the speculation should be applied on a crime-specific basis. Hence, burglaries cant be grouped together in among residential and commercial categories. Rather, they must be broken into smaller facets such as public housing burglaries or wealthy residential neighborhoods. Finally, a distinction is made between wicked involvement and criminal events. Criminal involvement describes how individuals get involved in crime and further continue or abstain from this lifestyle. Criminal events select unique underpinnings, which are often shorter processes than criminal involvement grammatical constructions. Among the goals of rational choice theory is to explain all types of crime (Cornish and Clarke, 1986). However, it does not propose that there is an underlying unity between different types of crime like another(prenominal) theories. Instead, these diverse elements are important in explaining why such events occur. Also, it incorporates factors that put across to crime, emphasizes the pattern of decisions throughout a criminal career, and accounts for situational variables of crime. In comparison, the deterrence theory proposes that the fear of legal punishment diverts people away from crime, while rational choice theory advances that in the act of choosing whether or not to seat a crime the benefits are weighed (Stafford and Warr, 1993 Cornish and Clarke, 1986). Hence, in both theories chafe is a cause for not committing crimes. Furthermore, the deterrence theory has two chil... ...um, these three points turn up that development is a constant interaction between the egotism and the environment coupled with chance or luck. Recognizing th at luck plays a role, or more appropriately called random development noise, is important to show the significance of the randomness of the process. Thornberry (1987) acknowledges the weight of the social control theory, social accomplishment theory, and integrated models that combine the two. However, there are three limitations. First, causal structures are unidirectional instead of multiplicative inverse. One example, social psychological research points to the reciprocal relationship between delinquent values and behaviors. Second, these theories use models that are ordinarily non-developmental in nature only focusing on one come on range. Lastly, they surmise causal effects in a social structure to be similar throughout.

Physical Child Development Essay -- Human Development Infant Essays

Child Development Babies grow and develop at a really rapid number during the first year of life. They grow physically, mentally, emotionally, and sociablely. In this theme I will discuss the physical growth and development patterns of an sister all the way through with(predicate) adulthood. Development is the spoils increased skill in using various body break dances. When dealing with a development of a child there are three basic development forms. offshoot development rule This rule says that babies develop in the coping persona first, then the trunk, and lastly in the legs and feet. For example, a cross send packing restrain up their head before they can grasp an object with their hand. also they can feed themselves before they can walk. Second development rule The second development rule explains that children develop from the mid line, or focus on of the body, outward toward the fingerbreadths and toes. Third development rule Finally, this rule reveals that, as the caput develops, a child reacts to more and more sights and sounds in their environment. Furthermore, they learn to respond to much finer details. A general rule is that a child increases in height by 50% and triples its birth weight in the first year. Clearly, this is a very rapid growth rate however, the rate of growth slows down after infancy. At three months, a baby is alert and responding to the world. When put on their tummy, they can hold their chest and head up for ten seconds. They try to swipe at toys hung over the crib. They construction their heads toward an interesting sound or listen to voices. Babies love to stare at peoples faces. They coo and gurgle. At six months a baby is developing discipline over its body. They can sit with support and may sit solo for short periods of time. They can roll over. They will hold out their arm to be lifted up or reach and grab an object. They can hold their own bottles and toys. They laugh out loud, babbles, calls for hel p and screams when annoyed. At nightclub months babies are exploring their environment. They can sit unassisted, crawl, pull to a stand and confuse along furniture. They can use their fingers to point, poke, and grasp small objects. They feed themselves finger foods. Babies know their names and respond to simple com pieceds. She babbles a pattern as if she were speaking a foreign language. At twelve months a baby is striving for independence. They stand and may walk by the... ...dolescence. Puberty rites call attention acknowledgment of a young woman or young man has reached the age of responsibility, virility and community productivity, and these rites make an impression on the adolescent or adolescent. Puberty rites are an attempt to mold and educate the teenagers and cabal them for their new role in life. Today, in our western culture part of the world, we have no clearly defined rites however our rites are arbitrarily scattered throughout the mid-teen years. For teenagers, getting your drivers license, entering college, turning legal age, travelling across America or to Europe are all social rites. To further complicate matters, the period of adolescence has probably doubled in space since Mr. Hall first identified it, our children mature younger and younger and count longer and longer to prepare for fully engaged membership into adulthood. through and through all of the readings on child and adolescent development, it is clear that children from birth through teen years all develop according to many factors society, peers, education, family life, finances, fetal development, pre dispositions, and basically anything or anyone that the child may come in connectedness with.

Fever: 1793 Coming of Age Book Report Essay example -- Laurie Halse An

At some point in a persons life, they moldiness make the transition from childhood to adulthood. Many of a persons early life experiences can contribute to this transition, even if it is the simplest of things. Yellow feverishness hit Philadelphia hard in 1793. It also hit hard in the book Fever 1793 by Laurie Halse Anderson. In this book, fourteen year-old Mattie Cook?s life gets turned upside-down when Yellow Fever strikes Philadelphia. In her adventure, Mattie must show responsibility, and experience the pain of death before she matures into an adult. In the book, Mattie starts break as a lazy teenager who needs to be told what to do by her over controlling mother, but throughout the story, she becomes more accountable and adult-like. For example, at the start of their adventure, Mattie leaves P...

An Analysis of the Renaissance and Romanticism Art Periods Essays

A1. Earlier diachronic Art Period In the early 1300s, Europeans began to shed the dark and oppressing mindsets of the discoverion Ages. This sparked a revolution that would begin in Italy and spread through pop Europe, and is cognize today as the renascence. The word Renaissance literally (and fittingly) means renascence making it a fitting title for a period where worry in learning, philosophy, and the stainless arts were reborn. Where the Middle Ages took the meaning out of the arts using paintings and sculptures for nothing more than decorations in houses of religion, for instance the Renaissance gave it back. Artists began to experiment and came up with new and original ideas instead of acting altogether on old ones. As people saw what art real was, their tastes began to grow and branch out, meaning that artists had to come up with new study to satisfy their growing audience. withal growing rapidly was city population, resulting in an increase in wealth that provi ded funds with which the arts could expand. And expand they did. Paintings halt focusing solely on religious models and took on new subjects such as portraits, landscapes, scenes of everyday life, and studies of the human form. Instead of focusing on the pictorial dry land and the hereafter, paintings focused on the material world and the here and now. young techniques were developed, combining science and mathematics with art, such as linear opinion and the depiction of light and shadow.Sculpture and architecture were largely influenced by the classical world. Sculptors used new materials, developed new techniques, became more expressive with their creations, and created cubic figures that deviated from stylization. Architecture became more cal... ...ht to end the idealist tendencies love story had put into lead but could never escape the era entirely. It also had some affect on the wild and passionate aspects of the Victorian period later on. It has never stopped influe ncing the art world. In literature, especially coming-of-age novels, the thought process of romanticism can be found as characters seek to know the answers of the world and, after searching high and low, coming to understand and reconcile with the circumstance that there are too many questions for all to be answered. Also in todays literature is the strong presence of individualism. industrial plant CitedKren, E., & Marx, D. (2010, July 11). Web gallery of art. Retrieved October 15, 2010, from http//www.wga.huLe djeuner sur lherbe. (2010, October 19). In Wikipedia, the devoid encyclopedia. Retrieved October 20, 2010, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/