U.S. History of Building Construction and Fire Safety Essay Example for Free

U.S. invoice of Building Construction and stimulate Safety EssayThe construction of modern expressions has been constantly modify in providing world class architectural designs and durable construction materials that can help structures withstand earthquakes and even conflagrate hazards. It is the prime responsibilities of engineers and architects to ensure the buildings safety. Presence of skyscrapers and other high-rise buildings have become symbols of urban landscape. In formulation the construction of buildings the safety of the occupants should al itinerarys be consider. That is why there atomic number 18 building codes and specific safety measures and devices to make the buildings safe from danger. Building disasters usu onlyy comes from natural cause like earthquakes that is why earthquake proof buildings were constructed. Others atomic number 18 referable to human factors brought by neglect or by terrorist attacks which can cause enhance explosions inside build ing infrastructures. The U. S. history of building constructions had underg matchless necessary improvements and adjustments to their construction and planning in the passage of years to meet the safety standards of buildings therefore reducing the casualties in times of disasters.Fire safety and preservation of peoples lives ar now the main focus in building structures and has been the greatest challenge for engineering science firms. It is the goal of developers, architects, engineers and safety officials to conform to safety codes to prevent lost of lives cod to draw out and earthquake hazards. Building decamps and structure failure ar investigated and analyzed to understand the factors that contri excepte to the catastrophe.The investigations go out establish the likely technical causes of the building failures and appreciate the technical aspects of emergency response and evacuation procedures in the wake of such failures. The goal is to encouraged improvements to the way in which buildings atomic number 18 designed, constructed, maintained and used. (National Institute Of Standards and Technology, 2008) History of Building Construction Changes in the Context of Fire Safety and Prevention Fire shelterion engineers with the help of science and technology develop means to protect people and property from fire.In designing new buildings or renovations to existing buildings, fire security measures engineers develop the plan for fire breastplate. Fire fortress engineering has evolved largely over the past several centuries. Early application of fire protection engineering was intended to prevent conflagrations that could destroy whole cities. In the early(a) 1900s, the primary objective of fire protection engineering was to rebound fire to its building of origin. As fire protection engineering advance, this objective was refined to limit a fire to its object or room of origin.However it wasnt until the later part of the 20th century that fire protection engineering had grow to the point that it included the fundamental tenets of professional and personal discipline. (Hurley, 2008) In 1800 English inventor John Carry designed the first crude automatic sprinkler but it went underdeveloped for a long period of time. In 1852 a patent was issued for first sprinkler-perforated pipe system which was the first recognized installation of fire protection equipment. In 1921 California passed a law forbidding wooden shingles on roofs but pressure from the roofing industry brought repeal.(Aurora Regional Fire Museum, 2008) A comparison of the 1968 and the 2003 New York city building code was conducted where the reference standards, compartmentation, construction, means of egress, fire suppression systems, fire alarm detection, signaling systems, emergency power and locoweed and heat venting are analyzed. Reference standards include the standard method of fire test for construction materials, standards test for surface burning ch aracteristic of building materials, installation of fire doors and windows.It also dealt with installation of air-conditioning and ventilating systems, installation of sprinkler systems, standpipe, water supplies, dumbbell detection, alarm and extinguishing systems. Safety codes for elevators, dumbwaiters, escalators and moving walks are also improved continuously. Occupancies are classified if they are primary occupants or secondary. Occupancy separation is also important. Roof construction including beams, trusses and framing, arches, dome, shells, cable that supported roofs and roof decks also. Fire and smoke dampers are also important. Means of egress is also evaluated.The required width of the means of egress should not be obstructed or reduce in both manner. Every floor area should also be provided with at least two approved independent exits. (NIST, 2008) Examples of Major Cases in U. S. History That Led To Changes in Building Construction Major cases of fire incidents happ en in different settings like hotel, industrial areas, hospitals, warehouses, restaurants, night clubs, and high-rise buildings. High-rise building fires differ from walk-up building fires. A high rise building can be described as structure more than 75 feet high while supernal ladder reaches only 75 feet.People trapped in a burning high rise building who cannot be reached by the highest ladder will usually leap to their deaths or remain trapped inside the buildings. (High-rise Fires, 2008) Interstate Bank Building Fires in Los Angeles, California The Interstate Bank Building Fire in Los Angeles, California that happened May 4, 1988 was one of the most destructive high-rise fires in recent United States history. The fire presented the greatest electromotive force for a high-minded inferno scenario of any U. S. fire experience and was controlled by means of massive and manual fire suppression efforts.It demonstrated the absolute need for automatic sprinklers to provide protectio n for tall buildings. The fire destroyed four floors and damaged fifth floor of the modern 62 story First Interstate Bank Building in L. A. , claimed one life, injured approximately 35 occupants and 14 fire personnel, and resulted in property loss of over $50 million. The interior design was found to be a large open area with readily combustible contents that contributed to quick fire growth. The sound-power emergency phone system was also ineffective. Radio intercourse were overtaxed and disrupted by buildings steel frame. (High-Rise Fires, 2008)One Meridian inwardness Fire One Meridian Plaza Fire document was one of the most significant high-rise fires in the United States history. The fire claimed the lives of three Philadelphia firefighters and gutted eight floors of a 38 story fire resistant building causing an estimated $ 100 million in direct property loss and business interruptions. This fire was a large scale realization of fire risks that have been set on other similar occasions. The most significant new information from this fire relates to the vulnerability of the systems that were installed to provide electrical power and the support fire protection effort.In this incident there was an early loss of normal electric power, a failure of the emergency generator and a major problem with the standpipe system, which all contributed to the final outcome. (High-rise Fires, 2008) Rockefeller Center High-Rise Fire On October 10, 1996, an electrical fire in the landmark Rockefeller Center in New York City required a five alarm response by FDNY to control the fire. The damage was cause by five separate fires in various electrical rooms that caused significant disruption to a major television network. At approximately 4 a. m.on Thursday October 10, 1996 an electrical fire occurred at 30 Rockefeller Center Plaza in New York City. Several fires broke out in five remote locations, filling many areas of the building with smoke. The fires presented a challenge f or the New York City fire department because of the varied locations of simultaneous fires and the enigmatic layout of the building. The Rockefeller Center is actually a complex building that is interconnected. This incident as analyzed by the NFPA has deficient circuit protection, failure of the building alarm system to transmit the alarm, lack of smoke detection in the areas of the fire.If the fires have been detected earlier, they probably would have been easier to extinguish. The confusing building layout made the fire fighters to have a difficult time locating the fires. (High-Rise Fires, 2008) The World interchange Center Fire The collapse and fire incidence of New Yorks Citys World good deal Center structures following the terrors attacks of September 11, 2001 was the worlds worst building disaster in recorded history killing about 2,800 people. More then 350 fire and emergency responders were among those killed, the largest lost of life for this group in a single inciden t.In response to the WTC tragedy, the National Institute Of Standards And Technology conducted a 3-year building and fire safety investigation to study the factors contributing to the probable cause of side impact collapse of the WTC towers (WTC 1 and ) and WTC 7 expanded its research in areas of high priority need such as saloon of progressive collapse, fire resistance and retrofit of structures, and fire resistive coatings for structural steel and is reaching out to the building and fire safety communities to pave the way for timely expedited considerations of recommendations stemming from the investigation.(NIST, 2008) 9/11 Terrorist Attacks Impact to Building Construction The goal of NIST or National Institute of Standards And Technology was to investigate the building construction, the material used, and the technical conditions that contributed to the outcome of the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster. It will serve as the basis for improvements in the way buildings are design ed, constructed, maintained and used. The revision of codes, standards, practices and improved human beings safety are recommended.The primary objectives of the NIST-led technical investigation of the WTC disaster are to determine why and how WTC 1 and 2 collapsed following the initial impact of the aircraft and why and how WTC 7 collapsed. Determining the reason why the injuries and fatalities where so high or low depending on the location, including all technical aspects of fire protection, occupant behavior, evacuation, and emergency response. Identify as specifically as possible areas in building and fire codes, standards and practices that are still in use and essential revisions.(NIST, 2008) The eight major groups of recommendations included are 1. ) Increased structural integrity, 2. ) Enhanced fire resistance of structures, 3. ) New methods for fire resistance design of structures 4. )better active fire protection 5. ) cleanse building evacuation 6. )Improve emergency res ponse 7. ) Improve procedures and practices and lastly 8. )Continuing education and training for fire safety. The standard for estimating the load effects of potential hazards like progressive collapse or winds and the design of structural systems are observed.Enhanced fire resistance of structures involves procedures and practices used to ensure the fire resistance of structures. It is heighten by improving the technical basis for construction classification and fire resistance ratings. New methods for fire resistance design of structures includes practices used in fire resistance design of structures. Performance based methods are an alternative to prescriptive design methods. (NIST, 2008) This effort should include the development and evaluation of new fire resistive coating materials and technologies.Evaluation of the fire performance of conventional and high performance structural materials was conducted. Improved active fire protection systems like sprinklers, standpipes/hose s, fire alarms, and smoke management systems should be enhanced thorough improvements to design, performance and reliability. Improve building evacuation should be improved to include system designs that facilitate safe and quick egress. Methods of ensuring clear and timely emergency communications to occupants are encourage together with better occupant preparedness for evacuation during emergencies.Incorporation of appropriate egress technologies was observed. Improved emergency response technologies and procedures should be improved to enable better access to buildings, response operations, emergency communications, and command control in large scale emergencies. Improve procedure and practices are used in the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of buildings. (NIST, 2008) Conclusion Analyzing the factors that cause building fires is necessary to help reduce the number of casualties and loss of property.There are many organizations responsible in supporting engineers and building construction firms to ensure the safety of their buildings from fire hazards. These include NFPA (National Fire security Association), NIST (National Institute of Standard and Technology), ASTM (American purchase order for Testing and Materials), ICC (International Code Council) and UL (Underwriters Laboratories) a product safety testing and certification organization and the Skyscraper Safety Campaign.Different incidence of high-rise building disasters provides firefighters with experience of the extent of damage and how to prevent the disasters to happen again. Safety measures and upgrade of fire safety equipment in building construction should be prioritized. The lessons learned from various building fire cases can provide background knowledge of the factors contributing to fire incidence. The most recent and the worst building fire case is the World Trade Center fires which exposed the vulnerability of public buildings to uncontrolled fires, explosions and other terrorist attacks.(NIST, 2008) Firefighters and building developers should keep in mind the factors that contribute to success or failure of fire disaster prevention and response. This include basic things like firefighter extinguishment, emergency response, heating and ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVACs), standpipe system, portable radios, building construction and evacuation strategy. These factors contribute to the quality and standard of building constructions fire safety and prevention.There are many threats to buildings safety but there are applicable means to reduce the destructive impact of building fire hazards and collapse. Coordination between the government officials, inspectors, fire protection engineers and developers limits the chances for building fires and accident. Buildings safety is achievable by reducing the risks of fire and danger to peoples lives.ReferencesGrosshandler, W. , (2003). Abstract Research and Development for the Safety of Threatened Buildings. Building and Fire Research Laboratory. Retrieved October 8, 2008, from http//www. fire. nist. gov/ Hurley, M. , P. E. S. F. P. E. , (2008). Fire Protection Engineering. National Institute Of Building Sciences. Retrieved October 8, 2008, from http//www. wbdg. org/ Construction Organizations. (2008). Dezignare. com. Retrieved October 6, 2008, from http//www. dezignare. com/ Executive Summary Final Report of the National Construction Safety Team on the Collapses of the World Trade Center Towers (Draft). (2004).NIST And the World Trade Center Publications. Retrieved October 4, 2008, from http//wtc. nist. gov. / Final Plan Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation. (2008) National Institute of Standards and Technology Retrieved October 4, 2008, from http//wtc. nist. gov/ Fire through the Ages A Timeline. (2008). Aurora Regional Fire Museum. Retrieved October 8, 2008, from http//www. auroregionalfiremuseum. org/ High-Rise Fires. (2008). Special Fires. Retrieved Octobe r 8, 2008, from http//www. iklimnet. com/

Transgenderism and homosexuality in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq Essay Example for Free

Transgenderism and homo knowledgeableity in capital of Kuwait, Saudi-Arabian Arabia, Iran and Iraq EssayIntroductionIn this paper I testament address the issues of transgenderism and homo conjure upuality. These issues argon quite controversial and military flummox to them is diametrical in distinct countries of the world. It should be mentioned that attitude to internal minorities is different in different countries of the world and varied though time.Brief Outline of the Homo elicitual and Transgender IssuesThe first question under discussion is the homosexual relations. We can observe a striking number of laws, intended to regulate the relations between people of the same sex. In some countries this is ingested quite approveable. People of the same sex be plain allowed to marry legally and even adopt children. In the other communities the attitude to the same-sex relations is completely different and homosexuals can even be punished with the closing penalty for their homosexual conduct. The fist laws on same-sex relations date back to 600 BC in ancient Crete and Sparta. These were the first laws allowing adult men to participate in the same sex relations (Rothblatt, 1995).In the majority of the Western cultures same-sex relations are tolerated and trans influenceion a person a gay or a lesbian can be considered even sufficient enough for a libel lawsuit, like this happened in case of Jason Donovan and Liberace, who won the case against the newspaper calling them gays (Rothblatt, 1995).However, we cant say that homosexual relations are always tolerated. The first laws against same-sex relations date back to 550 BC, when homosexuals were called Leviticus and punished with the remnant penalty. Many scholars connect this difference in attitudes to a distinction between Judaism and Paganism. Pagan theologys unremarkably consider same-sex relations to be radiation pattern, while Judaism, Christianity and Islam blame people for the same -sex relations.One more issue under discussion in this paper is transgenderism, which can be briefly defined as a social movement, which is intended to support transgender dears and open fire self-esteem of transgender people.One more definition, which Id like to mention, is the one proposed by Martine Rothblatt in her book Apartheid of Sex, where she defines transgenderism as a grassroots policy-making movement seeking transgender rights and affirming transgender pride (Rothblatt, 1995). On the other hand, transgenderism, is usually used to denote a phenomenon of gender identity disorder. This definition is supported by the world(prenominal) Journal of Transgenderism.Transsexualism is also a subject matter of the study in this paper. It is usually defined as a condition, when individuals identify themselves with the physical sex different from the one of their birth. After the sexual revolution in Western Europe, which took place in the end of 20th century transsexualism becam e a recognized purpose, however, in umteen other countries of the world it is still a taboo due to the religious and cultural norms accepted in the definite country (Lang, 1997).Quite close to the notion of transsexualism is the notion of transvestism, which is defined as a practice of cross- bandaging, when a person wears the cloths of the opposite sex and thus associates him/herself with the individual of the opposite sex.Transgenderism and Homosexuality in the midriff eastboundIt should be mentioned that attitude to homosexuals, transgender people and transvestites differ from country to country. While the attitude to them in the West European cultures is quite moderate, Eastern cultures usually do not accept them. This is greatly due to the great influence of religion on the lives of all people. Islam has stricter rules concerning the sexual life of individuals be it people with traditional sexual orientation, transgender people or homosexuals. A lot depends also on the posi tion of the politics and their attitude to sexual minorities.The issues of transgenderism and homoeroticism are quite different, which leads even to different attitudes towards them found on the Quran interpretation.The Quran considers approaching males in lust, as well as the castration of males, as the sin of the people of Lot (Quran 781, 26165-166, 2755, 2928-29). On the other hand its quite acceptable under the Quran to use as passive sex partners the ancient category of men who by nature neglected desire for women, since such men were not considered male due to the incident that they lacked of stimulant for women. These kinds of men are often known as gays today, but in the ancient world they were identified as anatomically whole natural eunuchs (Malik, 2007).Also these men, who lack arousal for women, are called ghair oolaa il-irbati min ar-rijaali (Quran2431) which translates as without the defining skill of males (Malik, 2007). These men are by Islam allowed to see wo a dult male naked. Islam is extremely against a man visual perception any part of a woman if they are not directly related or wed, to the extent where, in some translations, the woman has to even screen door her hair with a scarf. This only proves the occurrence that Islam doesnt consider these individuals as me. They belong to their own category, which is not is not regulated by the rules of the Quran.The reason of insufferable attitude of the Quran to homosexual relations lies in the interpretation of marriage. Moslem people strongly believe in heterosexual marriage, and do not accept sexual activity before marriage between a man and woman. Since there cant be any marriage between the persons be to the same sex, sexual relations between a man and man or woman and woman are also prohibited.As a get out many Muslim Middle Eastern nations consider LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) issues as a crime which is punished by fines or by imprisonment. In some countries homo sexuality is even punished by the death penalty. Examples of such countries are Afghanistan, Iran, united Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Yemen (Brown, 2005).Some researchers explain why nations of the Middle East do not accept sexual minorities in the following way many Middle Eastern nations did not gain full independence until the 1960s1970s and those nations that were interconnected and in bloodsucking were focused on foreign policy conflicts and economic development. (Brown, 2005).Moreover, most Middle Eastern nations were authoritarian regimes based on Moslem fundamentalism. olibanum gay citizens had little or no free democratic institutions to openly influence public policy. Political parties or organized were prohibited. Moderate nations that allowed for some gradation of political and social freedom never extended to any challenge to the laws and opinion regarding sexual orientation (Brown, 2005).In this paper I will consider in more detail the issues associated with h omosexuality and transgenderism in four countries of the Middle East, namely Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq.Transgender and Homosexual Issues in KuwaitThe fist country, which I will analyze in regard with its attitude to LGBT issues, is Kuwait. It should be mentioned that the attitude of Kuwaiti people towards sexual minorities is generally shaped by Islam and the judicature. Kuwait is 85% Muslim (Central Intelligence Agency, 2007). As it was already mentioned Islam does not tolerate homosexuality and in some cases transgenderism is associated as homosexual way as well.The other factor, which influences the attitude to LGBTs, is the government. Kuwait is a constitutional emirate, (Central Intelligence Agency, 2007) functioning under authoritative document that contains all the laws determining the trading operations and limits of that government. Also, the Kuwaiti government is a government where superpower and the final word belongs to the emir ( roughly translated as prin ce, but means the ruler of the state). what is more, the legal system is a civil law system with Islamic law significant in personal matters(Central Intelligence Agency, 2007). This technically means that Islamic laws would interfere with personal issues such as a persons sexual orientation.Homosexuality in Kuwait is abominable and punished (International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, 2002). An example of such an incident where homosexuality was punished and discriminated against occurred in February 2005, where the police charged a group of 28 alleged homosexuals with creating a public disturbance after they met right(prenominal) a fast-food restaurant.On October 27, police raided a party where homosexuals were allegedly celebrating a wedding. On December 10, the legislative committee of the National Assembly unanimously approved a law to impose a fine of $3,450 (1,000 dinars) and/or one years imprisonment for those imitating the opposite sex (Reports and Musings from the Veteran Gay and AIDS Human Rights Advocate, 2007).In the case of transgender, however, the attitude is a bit milder. Thus, the legal stand is that it is appropriate to treat transgender people medically if it possible. But in some cases the problem of a transgender person is entirely now denied.The Kuwaiti court recently had a case where a 25 year old man who underwent a sex change operation valued to be regarded as a woman. This ruling was overturned by the court under the belief that God decides gender and humans pass no right to change it.Ahmed is still a man, and the operation he had does not change the way he was created, even if it changed the way he looks to others, said Mohammed al-Tabtabai, the dean of Kuwaits shariah law College (Kuwait transsexual competitiveness for recognition, 2004)Transgenderism is still unclear and uncertain when it comes to the law and the government, in society, however, it is clearly unaccepted. An example of this can be seen from an in terview with a cross dressing kuwaiti male. In reference to his family, this cross dressing kuwaiti male says that,They (his parents) tolerated me as a child, thinking it was a result of growing up in an all-girls family. Eventually as I got older, they kicked me out of the house, but agreed to pay for my education abroad. They said what Im doing is extremely shameful, and while they love and forethought about me, they can no longer be seen with me. They dont like the embarrassment.I left right away, it was very hurtful. I was very dependent on my mother. I was also hurt because my sisters didnt help me when I thought they would. They are also embarrassed with me because students used to make fun of them at school, when they would pick me up from class (Interview with a Kuwaiti transsexual, 2007).Furthermore, in reference to teachers, he said They never helped me when others teased me. They treated me like I was a mentally ill child whenever Id request their help. I would play with the girls in the playground and the girls used to complain that its a just for girls game. Teachers would pick me up and throw me out (Interview with a Kuwaiti transsexual, 2007). Finally, In reference to his peers, they were the harshest. He stated I wish it was just teasing. I was overcome and very humiliated. After I came situation with a broken arm and nose, it was too dangerous for me to go to public school, so my parents forced me to switch to home schooling (Interview with a Kuwaiti transsexual, 2007).Although they are treated badly by society and the government, homosexuals and transsexuals actually take a stand and fight for their rights. Kuwaiti transsexuals and homosexuals cook applied for a permit to form their own association. They are hoping to get some protection from Kuwait law especially after the Kuwaiti sevens (Majles al Umma) decreed laws that criminalize changing to the third sex. (Improvisations Arab Woman Progressive Voice, 2007)Transgender and Homosexual Issues in Saudi ArabiaThe other country under discussion is Saudi Arabia, which is 100% Muslim. Its government type is a monarchy, under which all the power belongs to the monarch who controls the entire state. This monarchy is very strict and very harsh. Furthermore, the legal system in Saudi Arabia is based on the Sharia law, which is all based on a very strict version of Islam (Central Intelligence Agency, 2007).Saudi Arabia takes Islam to the extreme, to the point where the position of a woman is almost illegal. They are not allowed to walk out of the house without covering up, so one can only imagine the lack of tolerance Saudi Arabia would have for homosexuals.Homosexuality is severely punished, in some cases even with the death penalty. Moreover, the death penalty is carried out in a roughshod manner. In Saudi Arabia it is still accepted to stone homosexuals to death. An example of such a barbaric incidence occurred 7 years ago when the Saudi government imprisoned nine Saud i men and lashed them for engaging in cross-dressing and homosexual acts. Moreover, they execute three Yemeni male workers for homosexuality and child molestation.In addition, in April 2005, the government imprisoned a hundred men because they were at a private party that was most probably a same-sex wedding ceremony or a birthday party. Yet, not long after a gay foreign couple was sentenced to death for homosexuality and allegedly killing a man who was blackmailing them for homosexuality (Reports, stories and information for gay men in Saudi Arabia, 2007).The other accident of the death penalty for homosexual behavior happened in 1996, when one Saudi man was beheaded for homosexual behavior (Gay Marriagein Saudi Arabia? 2007).The attitude to transgenderism in Saudi Arabia is a bit different. The government also does not tolerate it, however, permits procedure for intersex people in case it is proven that this is a mental disorder. Saudi Arabia does not allow surgery for transsexua ls, but permits operations on people with an intersex condition (Usher, 2007).An extreme example of such surgeries took place to five sisters who wanted to change their sex to male. The doctor carrying out the surgery stressed that he just made gender correction rather than sex change operations. This doctor, Dr Jamal has preformed has performed over 200 sex change operations. However, as he states most of the operations were performed were on androgynous babies. Saudi Arabian, Dr Jamal, emphasized that these five girls were actually inter-sexed, and he would never perform surgery on people with normal genitalia but wanted to belong to the opposite sex, because as he states Islam did not allow people to change what God had created (Usher, 2007).Transvestism is severely punished. For example, Saudi man was given 200 lashes and 6 months in prison for cross dressing at a wedding party (Saudis Arrest 5 Pakistani TGs, 1998).Transgender and Homosexual Issues in IranThe other country, whic h is would like to describe regarding its attitude to LGBT issues, is Iran. The attitude to sexual minorities here is ambiguous. On the one hand homosexuality is punished by death on the other hand, Iran is the country, which legally performs sex change operations in the word.Iran is 98% Muslim (Central Intelligence Agency, 2007). Its legal system is based on Sharia law, and its government is a theocratic republic, which is a form of government controlled by religious authority. Moreover, there is a Deity who is considered the supreme civil ruler, and his laws see by the mullahs (Central Intelligence Agency, 2007)Basically Iran is an extremely Muslim state, which explains completely the intolerable attitude of people and government to homosexuality. All sexual relations that occur outside of a traditional, heterosexual marriage (i.e. sodomy or adultery) are illegal and no legal distinction is made between consensual or non-consensual sexual activity. Homosexual relations that occur between consenting adults in private are a crime and carry a maximum punishment of death (LGBT Rights in Iran, 2007).In addition, there are no civil rights legislation that exist in that disallow discrimination against homosexuals, and only negative depictions of homosexuality are allowed in the press. The concept of sexual orientation is not recognized in Iran, nor does the judiciary acknowledge the existence of LGBT people and instead believes that all people are normally heterosexual.Thus, they claim that homosexuality is a violation of the supreme will of their God. As a result, no laws exist that protect LGBT Iranians from discrimination, harassment, or bias-motivated violence, and as a theocratic political system, no such laws are permitted to exist. Most Iranian LGBT people remain in the closet about their sexual orientation for timidity of being the victims of discrimination, hate crimes, government sanctions, corporal punishment, and/or capital punishment.Male homosexuali ty is a crime punished by death, The way they are killed is usually barbaric, but ultimately decided by the Sharia judge. All homosexuals are punished by death unless they are not sane or are not adult. Juveniles who are accused and proved to have engaged in homosexual behavior are punishment with 74 lashes. (Articles 108 to 113) This is proved by justification or by the testimony of four righteous men only and not women.Different homosexuals acts have different levels of punishment. For instance Tafhiz, which is the rubbing of the thighs or buttocks, through with(p) by ii men is punished with 100 lashes. If this act is repeated four times then they will be punished with the death penalty. (Articles 121 and 122). Furthermore If two men simply stand naked under one cover together without touching or anything, they are punished with up to 99 lashes. If one man kisses another in a sexual way they are punishment with 60 lashes. (Articles 123 and 124).As for adolescents, in 2007 two t eenagers have been executed for homosexual behavior, (LGBT Rights in Iran, 2007) even is this goes against the law stated earlier.Female homosexuality is punished less severely. Thus, women are usually punished with 100 lashes. However if the act is repeated more than three times then they will be punished with death. Women who stand naked under one cover without touching or any farther acts of lust and are not relatives are punished with 100 lashes. (Article 134) (LGBT Rights in Iran, 2007).Real life examples that occurred in Iran of punishing homosexual behavior according to The Boroumand Foundation exceed 107 executions between 1979 and 1990. Moreover according to Amnesty International, at least 5 people convicted of homosexual tendencies, three men and two women, were executed in January 1990, as a result of the Iranian governments policy of calling for the execution of those who practice homosexuality. However, transsexuals are considered completely normal, greatly due to the f act that since 1980s transexuality is considered an illness that can be corrected by surgery (LGBT Rights in Iran, 2007).Iran has between 15,000 and 20,000 transsexuals, according to official statistics. In addition Iran has more sex change operations than any country in the world next to Thailand. These operations have been legal since Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, leader of the Islamic revolution, passed a fatwa legalizing them nearly 25 years ago, under the fact that the Quran says nothing about sex change operations for those who need them. Transsexuality is considered an illness, while an operation is the cure. Furthermore, not only does the government allow sex change operations, they fund it as well as the hormone therapy needed.An example of a transgendered person in Iran Mahyar. As a littler child Mahyar liked dressing up in womens clothes and playing with make-up. This obsession did not die, in fact it only increased over time, and as she got older she stated that I badly needed to do it but it had to be in secret, and now she wants to have a sex-change operation.Transgender and Homosexual Issues in IraqFinally, Id like to discuss one more country Iraq. It should be mentioned that homosexuality was considered legal in Iraq under Saddam Hussein until late 2001. However, afterwards the attitude towards it changed and became stricter due to the pressure from religious conservatives. Under the law passed in 2001 homosexuality was punished by imprisonment, and repeated convictions were defined to be punishable even by death.However, there were still no cases when homosexuals were punished with the death penalty. Hussein did not consider homosexuality to be a crime due to the fact that it was against the Secular Socialist beliefs of the Baath Party. Now the legal status of homosexuality is still a matter of severe dispute. Thus, we can see that homosexuality is not illegal in Iraq de jure, but still remains a taboo (Brown, 2005)The legal basis of Iraq co ncerning homosexual and transgender issues is quite controversial. On the one hand Iraq does not have a definite criminal or penal code concerning these issues. On the other hand this does not mean that sexual minorities have the same rights as people with traditional sexual orientation. This controversy arises from the inner controversy in the country. Thus, Iraq was a secular socialist dictatorship, but its life is generally ruled by the fundamentalist Islam.One prove of the intolerable attitude of the public towards sexual minorities can be seen in the event, which took place in 1993. Then Iraqs United Nations representatives opposed the International Lesbian Gay Associations application, when the latter tried to apply for consultative status as a non-governmental organization. The explanation of this act was simple based on our firm belief that the work of this organization runs counter to the beliefs of all divine religions. (Brown, 2005).ConclusionsSo, as we can see the attit ude to sexual minorities in Iraq is milder than in the other countries of the Middle East but still it is quite severe if compared with the Western Europe. Still the problem of treating homosexual and transgender issues exists. This is greatly because of the strong influence of the religion on the public and political life of the country. As Islam is quite a strict religion concerning the sexual life of the people, it makes the situation of the sexual minorities really hard. However, as we can see little by little homosexuals and transgender people still gain their rights and probably in the future their position in the Middle East will not be that dangerous.ReferencesBrown, Edward TJ. (2005). Iraq Sexual Orientation, Human Rights and the Law. Online. Available from http//www.sodomylaws.org/world/iraq/iqnews003.htm 30 November 2007. Central intelligence agency. The world factbook. Online. Available from https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ku.htmlPeople 3 0 November 2007.Improvisations Arab Woman Progressive Voice. News and Commentary on Arab Women, Palestine, Cultural Politics, and Everything in Between. Online. Available from http//arabwomanprogressivevoice.blogspot.com/2007/09/kuwaiti-boyaats-seek-to-unite.html 30 November 2007.International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (2002). Kuwait. positioning of Sexual Minorities. Amnesty International Report. Middle East and North Africa.Interview with a Kuwaiti transsexual. Online. Available from http//www.mideastyouth.com/2007/07/21/interview-with-a-kuwaiti-transsexual 30 November 2007.Kuwait transsexual fighting for recognition. (2004). Online. Available from http//mostlyafrica.blogspot.com/2004/11/kuwait-transsexual-fighting-for.html 30 November 2007.Lang, Sabine. (1997). Two-Spirit People Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality. University of Illinois Press.LGBT Rights in Iran. Online. Available from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran_note-7 30 December 2007.Malik, Faris. Queer Sexuality and Identity in the Quran and Hadith. Online. Available from http//www.well.com/user/aquarius/Qurannotes.htm 30 December 2007.Reports and Musings from the Veteran Gay and AIDS Human Rights Advocate. Online. Available from http//mpetrelis.blogspot.com/ 30 November 2007.Reports, stories and information for gay men in Saudi Arabia Online. Available from http//www.gaymiddleeast/country/saudiarabia 30 November 2007.Rothblatt, Martine (1995). Apartheid of Sex. Westview Press.Saudis Arrest 5 Pakistani TGs. (1998). PlanetOut Corporation.Usher, Sebastian. Gender correction for Saudi girls. Online. Available from http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3814041.stm 30 November 2007.

Ostracism in Athenian Democracy

Ostracism in Athenian DemocracyQuestion 3. OstrakaOstracism was a execute instituted as one of the Kleisthenic reforms of 508/7BC as a result of the non-elite intervention in the conflict with the Spartan backed Isagoras, although there is no evidence for its actual pulmonary tuberculosis before 487BC (Forsdyke 2005 144). Lasting for a period of 70 years it was a symbolic reminder of democratic power as opposed to elite decree as well as a pragmatic device for controlling the ambitions of potentially powerful traitors, or leading figures, without destabilizing the political system (Forsdyke 2005 143). It required a minimum of 6,000 male citizens to take part in an annual secret ballot by inscribing the name of their preferred candidate on a potsherd (ostrakon plural form ostraka) and the person who polled the nigh ballotings on a simple majority basis was exiled from capital of Greece and Attica for a period of 10 years (Easterling and Handley 2001 26) with the property and rig hts of the exile being protected by law during their exclusion.Ostrakon A.The inscriptions on this ostrakon(Fig. 1) can be transcribed, transliterated and translated as follows- Perikles XsanthippoPericles (son) of XanthipposPericles was an aristocratic politician who became a democratic leader and this text edition shows his name chip at alongside the genitive patronymic (the name of his father). A member of the Alkmaeonid family his mother was the niece of Kleisthenes and his father had been exiled in 484BC but recalled as a general during the Persian struggle. In 463/2BC he was elected as a prosecutor of Cimon who had been accused of receiving bribes from Alexander of Macedon and this opposition to Cimon brought a coalition with Ephialtes in 462BC to attack and reform the Areopagus (Hornblower and Spawforth 2003 1139). When Ephialtes died and Cimon was ostracised Pericles became one of the most influential men in Athens, being elected as strategos (general) for 10 consecutive years from 443BC, and was an unopposed ruler who had an ambitious foreign policy of western United States expansion that saw Athens become predominant in Greece (Bowder 1982 157).The extensive public building programme instituted by Pericles, which included the re-building of the Parthenon (Bowder 1982 156), was intended to make Athens an example to all Greece (Thucydides 2.41). An active military leader he put down a revolt in Euboea in 446BC and reviewed Athens grain cede during an expedition to the Black Sea (Hornblower and Spawforth 2003 1139). Having once proposed a unification of all Greek states that had fought Persia, which Sparta opposed, his strategy, based upon the advice of Themistocles (Thucydides 1.93.16-17), as Athenian leader in the Peloponnesian war was to avoid fighting in the open, stay behind their fortifications and allow their sea power to prevail. Unfortunately the Athenians did not follow this policy which resulted in defeat (Davies 1993 118-20). Pericles too do probably the most famous speech on Athenian democracy as a funeral oration for those who fell fighting Sparta in the setoff year of the Peloponnesian war where he commends the Athenian model to their neighbours as government by the many as opposed to an elite few (Barrow 1999 29-30, Thucydides 2.35-46).Ostrakon B.The text on this ostrakon(Fig. 2) can be transcribed, transliterated and translated as follows- Sokrates AnagyrasiosSocrates (of the deme) of AnagyrousThe Socrates named here is not the famous philosopher but a general, one of the 10 strategos elected annually one from to each one of the 10 tribes (Barrow 1999 20). The text gives the demotic adjective in the nominative case rather than the more usual genitive patronymic and from this deme name we can tie Socrates to the Erechtheis tribe (Whitehead 1986 369). Anagyrous was a garrison deme, possibly part of the signalling network (Whitehead 1986 401) and as this ostrakon relates to 440BC (Easterling and Handley 2 001 28) we can assume Socrates was elected as strategos by his tribe in 441/440BC and effrontery command of the Anagyrous garrison. We know nothing else of him so can only guess at why he was nominated for ostracism.Inscriptions C (Easterling and Handley 2001 p29).These inscriptions can be transliterated and translated as-Themisthokles NeokleosThemistocles (son) of NeoclesThemisthokles NeokleositoThemistocles (son) of Neocles Get OutAlthough these ostraka have the more normal form showing the genitive case patronymic two items are of note. Firstly, the double use of theta in Themistocles name and secondly the use of ito (Get out) which underlines the depth of feeling against him (Easterling and Handley 2001 29) which is an interesting perspective given his reputation as father of the Athenian navy and the fact that he had implemented ostracism in 487BC (Bowder 1982 198). There is evidence that the surviving ostraka on which Themistocles name is inscribed were written by only 14 peo ple and this may reflect either the poor level of literacy at the time (ostraka being pre-prepared or written by a scribe) or some form of vote rigging (Murray 1993 285).Themistocles was an Athenian politician, a member of the Lycomid family, a radical democrat who attempted to destroy the aristocracy and considered to be one of the greatest men of his contemporaries (Bowder 1982 199). When he was archonhe had developed Piraeus as the harbour of Athens (Thucydides 1.93.11-12) and argued that output from the Laurium silver mines be spent on increasing the size of the Athenian navy, ostensibly for the war against Aigina but in reality for use against Persia, which culminated in the victory at Salamis in 480BC (Herodotus 7.144.1-5). Although he had avoided being ostracised in the 480s he was sent into exile in 470/1BC after clashing with Cimon over accusations of negotiating with Persia (Bowder 1982 198) but when accused by Sparta of becoming Persian he was recalled, fled and in his absence was condemned to death for treason. Arriving in Persia he was made governor of Magnesia where he remained until his death (Hornblower and Spawforth 2003 1497).Ostracism fell into disrepair after 416BC when Alcibiades and Phiax manipulated its use to combine their forces and have their political rival Hyperbolus exiled. Corruption had always been evince but this time it had been so blatant and visible that it completely discredited the process and its use was abandoned (Easterling and Handley 2001 29).BibliographyAncient SourcesHerodotus The Histories. trans. A. De Selincourt (Penguin ukessaysessaysclassics). Middlesex. Penguin Books. Oxford Oxford University Press. 1986.Thucydides The History of the Peloponnesian War. trans. R. Livingstone (The Worlds ukessaysessaysclassics). Oxford Oxford University Press. 1973.Modern SourcesBarrow, R. 1999 Athenian Democracy. (Inside the Ancient World). London. Bristol Classical Press.Bowder, D. (ed.) 1982 Who was who in the Greek world. Oxford. Phaidon Press.Davies, J.K. 1993 Democracy and Classical Greece. 2nd Edition (Fontana History of the Ancient World). London. Harper Collins.Forsdyke, S.L. 2005 Exile, Ostracism and Democracy the Politics of bulge in Ancient Greece. Princeton. Princeton University Press.Hornblower, S and Spawforth, A (eds). 2003 The Oxford Classical Dictionary. 3rd Edition Revised. Oxford. Oxford University Press.Murray, O. 1993 Early Greece. 2nd Edition (Fontana History of the Ancient World). London. Harper Collins.Whitehead, D. 1986 The Demes of Attica 508/7- 250BC. London. Princeton University Press.

Ethics of Animal Testing and the Fur Trade

Ethics of animate being Testing and the Fur TradeAnimals severity too recognize as faunas abuse or animals neglect is the deliberate infliction by humans of abuse or suffering to any non-human animals, regardless if the act is illegal. Animals cruelty can be the causing of abuse or suffering for a gain, such as killing animal for food or clothing. Cruelty to animals is also deliberating harm to animal for animal testing or cosmos use for hide coats. Most batch think animal cruelty is mainly people be unkind to animals.In fact there is many types of animals cruelty such as animals testing, pulverisation farm and fur farms. Some organization such as PETA exist to tried to help prevent animals cruelty, the lack of knowing what animal cruelty is has allowed many forms of animals cruelty to continue to happen.Animal TestingThe history of animals being use for medical examine and testing of product have been going on for many centuries. Many people in the last centuries have es sence forces to stop animal testing. In the early twenty centuries an Arabic physician Avenzoar introduced testing animals as a method of testing medical procedure before performing on patients.(Abdel-Halim RE, 2005). W.M.S Russell and R.L Burchin in 1959 introduce the leash Rs, which atomic number 18 the principles for ethical use of animal in testing. concord to the article that Badyal D and Desai C wrote the three Rs be Replacement which is to use non-animal methods whenever it is possible, Reduction which is having researcher to obtain comparable information from fewer animals and Refinement which is to minimize potential pain, suffering or injury for the animals that argon being used.(2014) (Russell, W.M.S. Burch, R.L., 1959).When trying to obtain global figures of animal testing it is very difficult to do. In 2014 the US Department of Agriculture said the native number of animal that was used in the US was 834,453 which was much lower than it was in 2005, the number of animal that was used in the US didnt include rats and mice which puff up about 90% of animal that atomic number 18 research on. According to Trull F.L, the number of rats and mice used in the US is estimated to be around 20 to carbon million a year.(1999). Some of the animals that atomic number 18 used in experiment are used for different reason such as cat being used for neurological research or dogs being used in biomedical research, testing and or education. Dogs are mostly used to determine if a new medicine is safe before it is out to the public.In the United States there is an estimate that about twenty billion animals are used all year for educational purposes including classroom observation exercises, dissections and/or animal surgeries.(Patronek G Rauch, 2007 January, 1). The most common use animals that are used in classroom dissections are mostly frogs, fetal pigs, perch, cats and many more. In many US states and school districts mandate that a student be offered a choice on rather they want to dissect animals in their classroom. Many of this animals that are being used to test different medical experiment are usually killed after the experiment is over or when they arent useful anymore.Factory FarmingIntensive animal farming also know as mill farming is the practice of retention livestock such as cows, sensationalistics, and tip at a higher stock densities than it would usually be at a family farm. The main purpose for factory farming is to produce large quantities of eggs, milks, and meats for human consumption.(Nierenberg Danielle, 2005). Some animal activist groups such as PETA are wondering whether factory farming is sustainable and ethical. According to Danielle Nierenberg (2005), factory farms were knowing to bring animals to market as quickly and cheaply as possible but yet they invite a host of environmental, animal welfare, and public health problems. When animals are in a crowded and unsanitary conditions its create a perfect environment for disease to spread quickly.Animal and fish that comes from factory farm contain a large amount of unnatural ingredients that include persistent organic pollutants, polychlorinated biphenyls and many more. Today the meat industries is control by a handful of multinational corporation,leaving many farmers to have lost the connection to their animal and have lost control over their farms. Today people are removed from where their foods are from and what is being put in them. When vitamins were discovered it lead to vitamin supplement which allowed animal to be raised inside and the discovery of antibiotics and vaccines enable fosterage stock in large quantities by reducing the disease that they could catch. (Gordon John Steele, 1996). When vitamin D was discovered in the twenty century, it made it possible to keep chicken quarantine year round because before vitamin D most chicken didnt thrive and egg production were difficult which made poultry expensive and could pro vided get them when they are in season. According to Havenstein, meat-type chickens currently grow to market weight in six to seven weeks, whereas only fifty years past it took three times as long.(P.R. Ferket M.A. Qureshi, 2003a). This is mostly due to nutritional modifications and antibiotics to make grow to be mature faster and quicker so that they can be sent to the slaughterhouses without them losing any profit.Fur TradeMost of fur industrys skin come from animals that are kept in intent in fur factory farms. The farms can hold more than a thousands of animals and they we the farm the animals are the same around the globe. Like other animals farm, the methods that is used in the factory are designed to make money the quickest way in the expense of the animals. The animal that they used most in the fur farming are minks, foxes, chinchillas, lynxes and sometime hamsters.(Foulkes Nick, 2000 Oct 27). This animals that are forced to live in crowded depleted cage, live their life with fear, stress, disease, and other physical and psychological hardships all for the sake of the industry to make billions of dollars each year. Every year rabbits are slaughtered by the millions for their meat in fur in different part of the world. The fur of a rabbit once considered spin-off of the meat of the rabbit is now a industry to demands thousands of rabbit fur yearly.( Louisiana Veterinary Medical Association, 2007). An investigation that was done by PETA of rabbit fur farms and slaughterhouse in China found that rabbits are forced to live in small, cramped, and filthy cages before they are being skinned.Fur farmers pack animals into small cage to cut the costs of having them ram around in their natural habitats, which prevent them from taking no more the a few steps vertebral column and forth. This is especially distressing to minks who in their natural habitats occupy more than 2,500 acres of wetland in the wild.( Fur Commission USA, 2016 Jan 6). According to a Zo ologist at Oxford University who studies captive mink, found that despite generations of being bred for fur, minks have not been domesticated and suffer greatly in captivity, especially if they dont have the opportunity to swim. Mason, G.J. et al (2001). Frustrations of fur-farmed minks. South Park, UK springing cow Nature. The globalization of the fur trade make it hard to know where the finish fur product come from. The fur are moved around international auction houses and are distributed to manufacturers around the world, and the final piece is usually exported to different places around the world.Animals cruelty can happen forms such static and active. In passive abuse which is when animal are usually neglected and ignorance of the animals well being, while in an active abuse is when animals are being physical, killed and even tested on. Animal cruelty is not only people being unkind to animals but people treating animals as if they cannot feel the same types of pain like we humans can, when they are being tested on or when they are being skinned alive. Many organization are trying to get laws that would protect animals from this types of cruelty that the are faced with everyday of their lives until they are killed in the most inhumane way.

Impact On Motivation At Times Of Change

Impact On want At measures Of ChangeThis bring focuses on a research topic Impact on want at clock time of trade on individual, on the basis of the theories of Research Methodology for Business.The bring outline of the project contract out coverChapter 1 provides the lynchpinground of the study underlining main objectives, questions and hypothesis of the study.Chapter 2 focuses on general definitions. Models and theories related to require, breaking windership style influencing motivation at time of switch over and consultation process methods and models al deplorable for be reviewed and described.References1.1 BackgroundIn topical times, fundamental laws are marked by constant exchanges taking place in its orientation, strategies and even structural set up. The massageers select to constantly adapt themselves to such changes. This often cause stress on their mindset and affect their work quality. At this juncture it is important to shove a commission any miscon ception or doubts and bring back the trust, which is extremely essential for the organisational success. In order to achieve this, internal intercourse needs to be steady and effective. in that respect is a possibility the motivation in the custody might be restored through successful communicating at heart the government.Information Technology provides some(prenominal) options for this. E-mails, intranets and other innovations help in assembleing the high demand of talk during such time of alteration within the organization (Wojtecki and Peters, 2000). Face to face intercourse also might help a lot to sort out the differences. There have been more or lessly separate studies about loss leadership and grapevine dialogue. tally to McKenna (2000), leadership is an art that can get the optimum work required for the organization. The leader also communicates the organizations goals to his team members. He does not discuss about the parley that is more(prenominal) important between the leader and the team and the effectiveness when such communication occurs in an informal panache that leads to more interaction and hence develops a bond with each employee and all together leads to commitment. Most of the studies so far have interpreted the formal side into consideration. In Contemporary issues in focussing and organizational sort (Peter, Poole and Jones, 2005), the whole cycle of Team-leadership has been portrayed in analyzing group decision- making and learning. Later, a global perspective has been given. jibe to Robert E. Hoskisson, Organisational Structure specifies the firms formal account relationships, procedures, controls, and authority and decision making processes. (Hoskisson, 2008, p.100) This accrues to the basic framework of assigning roles, allocation of imagerys and provides a basis for cooperation, coordination and communication among the organizational hierarchy. (Hoskisson, 2008).Harris and Hartman discuss the problems of Grapevin e. accord to them, it is not a dependable source and cannot provide full information and maybe distorted. (Harris Hartman, 2002). In the article, Heard it through the grapevine for communicating during change, facts and tips by Baxter-Southward, an extensive study has been make about grapevine communication- the negatives and the positives, and how to deal with this in organizations.However the right answer can be provided by a proper survey of the opinions of managers and workers. Whether such communication actually restores the faith and motivation is the area to be explored in this research.1.2 Objectives, research questions and research hypothesesThe objective of this study is to deal with the issue relating to organizational behavior and organizational development. This study is to analyze whether the successful communication by the organization to its employees at the time of change leave alone result in the caused workforce. to boot, the research get out analyze the eff ectiveness of good leadership and managerial as a means to improve productivity, employee job satisfaction and commitment.The core objectives of the study areTo infer the reaction of workforce to organizational change (qualitative and quantitative analysis)To understand the measures normally adopted by the managers under such features (qualitative analysis from the questions asked during survey).To find out whether communication within the organization help in motivating workers (quantitative analysis).Based on objectives, conceptualizing structure for this research has been developed. The main variables are evidently showed through logical analysis in the structure. Based on this structure, the null and alternative hypotheses are developed as the followingsThe reaction of the workforce is positive or negative at the time of changeManagers can or cannot influence the motivation and hence the productivity of employees.Successful internal communication affects or does not affects t he motivation within workforce at times of change.1.3 ScopeChange is inevitable. Whether an employee is at the top or the bottom of an organization, one thing employee can count on in the future is that at that place will be change. In this turbulent environment it is important for the managers to react quickly. Motivation of employees at the time of change via successful communication will be described. Moreover, it will be analyzed whether communication can or cannot bring a motivated workforce. Further more, the current research will be focused on essence of good leaders in motivating employees and increasing productivity..2.1 Change and Change ManagementSuccess is not on the dot for survival it must be achieved in a world of intense competition, continued globalization, and rapid technology change (Schermerhorn, 1996). Currently change has become the contribution and parcel of every organization to predict future trends and to forecast the changes that need to be encountered . Change is an ongoing process in every organization and for the organization to be successful and survive in a dynamic environment, it is important to have effective management of human resources(Mullin, 2005).People are the major resource of any organization (MULLINS, 2005). The efficiency of staff, their commitment towards the aims of the organization, and the aptitudes and attitudes they bring to stand on the quality of service offered will undoubtedly affect the overall success of an organization (MULLINS, 2005)So in order to achieve success, it is vital for the organization to develop communication processes, motivation processes and a working environment that will help to agree that individuals will deliver results in accordance with expectations of management.2.1.1 Core Principals that revolves around changeAccording to Bernstein (2003) over 70 % of all organizational change efforts fail to meet expectation and delivered planned results. Before implementing change in an or ganization it is very important for the leader to understand the difference between the change and the transition process. Additionally, a leader should keep in mind that the success of change implementation process is a let out driver of how organization will deal with changes, how changes are directed and administered by the leader.According to Barons Greenberg (1990) there several principals about changePeople perception about changeIndividual barriers to changeEconomic danger worship to UnknownThreats to social relationshipHabitsFailure to recognize need for changeAdditionally Barons Greenberg (1990) listed the following organization barriers to changeStructural inertia rick group inertiaThreat to existing balance of powerPreviously unsuccessful change effortsAccording to Bennis, Benne, Chin, R. (1985) there are several key drivers to changeNature of workforceCompetitionTechnologyEconomic ShocksChanging social trendsWorld politics2.1.2 subjects of changeFig1 Types of changes Ackerman (1997) has distinguished between three types of changeType of ChangeDescriptionDevelopmentalPlanned or emergent incremental. It is change that enhances or corrects existing aspects of an organization, often focusing on the improvement of a skill or process.TransitionalEpisodic, planned, seeks to achieve a known desired state that is opposite from the existing one. It is and second order.TransformationalRadical or second order in nature. It requires a shift in assumptions made by the organization and its members. origin http//rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/RMM06299.html2.1.3 Organization Change Management ModelKurt Lewin proposed a three stage supposition of change commonly referred to as Unfreeze, Change, Freeze (or Refreeze). conjecture was originally presented in 1947, but the Kurt Lewin model is still extremely relevant.UnfreezingChangingRefreezingFig 2 Stages in Change ProcessStagesDescriptionUnfreezingOld ideas and practices need to be cast aside so that new o ne can be learned.Changing in the altogether ideas and practices are learned. This involves helping an employee think reasons and perform in new ways.RefreezingIt means what ever has been learned is integrated into actual practice.Source http//www.change-management-coach.com/kurt_lewin.htmlBased on hay (2002) research of the most effective and commonly applied change, most change management processes contain the following three coursesPreparing for change (Preparation, assessment and strategy development)Managing change (Detailed planning and change management implementation)Reinforcing change (Data gathering, corrective action and recognition)(Shown in figure 3)Fig 3 Change management process phasesSource http//www.change-management.com/tutorial-change-process-detailed.htm2.1.4 Phases in change ProcessPeople perceive change processes in seven typical stages (IPA, 2001).For successful implementation of change processes, it is important for managers to analyze that in which phase th ey can anticipate what type of troubles and situations. The seven stages areShock and SurpriseDenial and RefusalRational UnderstandingEmotional sufferanceExercises and LearningRealization desegregationMainly flourishing organizations are those that are able to alter themselves to new environment rapidly. This requires planned learning and training processes that lead to better organizational efficiency. In an ideal world, employees are able to reflect their own behavior in relation to the organizational context (e.g. processes, products, resources, customers).Fig 4 Perceived Competence vs. TimeSource http//hr-horizons.blogspot.com/Fig 5 Description of PhasesPhaseDescriptionShock and SurpriseConfrontation with unexpected situations. This can happen by accident (e.g. losings in particular business units) or planned events (e.g. workshops for personal development and team performance improvement). These situations make pack realize that their own patterns of doing things are not suit able for new conditions any more. Thus, their perceived own competence decreases.Denial and RefusalPeople activate values as support for their conviction that change is not necessary. Hence, they believe there is no need for change their perceived competency increases again.Rational UnderstandingPeople realize the need for change. According to this insight, their perceived competence decreases again. People focus on conclusion short term solutions, thus they only cure symptoms. There is no willingness to change own patterns of behavior.Emotional AcceptanceThis phase, which is also called crisis is the most important one. Only if management succeeds to create willingness for changing values, beliefs, and behaviors, the organization will be able to exploit their real potentials. In the worst outcome, however, change processes will be stopped or slowed down here.Exercising and LearningThe new acceptance of change creates a new willingness for learning. People runner to try new beh aviors and processes. They will experience success and failure during this phase. It is the change managers task to create some early wins (e.g. by starting with easier projects). This will lead to an increase in quite a littles perceived own competence.Realization.People gather more information by learning and exercising. This knowledge has a feedback-effect. People understand which behavior is effective in which situation. This, in turn, opens up their minds for new experiences. These extended patterns of behavior increase organizational flexibility. Perceived competency has reached a higher level than prior to change.IntegrationPeople only integrate their newly acquired patterns of thinking and acting. The new behaviors become routine.Source CA Carnall 2007 Managing Change in Organization Pearson Education2.1.5 protection to ChangeFig 6 Resistance to changeResistance to change consists of any employee behavior designed to discredit, delay or prevent the implementation of wo rk change. According to Kotter (1996) resistance to change is the action taken by individuals and groups when they perceive that a change that is occurring as a threat to them. Most of actions that are taken to manage change fail due to improper planning and implementation (Coriat, 2002).There are three different types of resistance among employees (Newstrom Davis, 1993)1. Logical Resistance2. mental Resistance3. Sociological ResistanceFig 7 Types of ResistanceType of resistanceDescriptionLogical ResistanceTime required to adjust supererogatory effort to relearnPossibility of less desirable conditionEconomic cost of changeQuestioned technical feasibility of changePsychological ResistanceFear to unknownLow perimeter of changeDislike of management or other change agentLack of trust in othersNeed for auspicesSociological resistancepolitical coalitionsopposing group valuesParochial, narrow outlookVested interestDesired to retain existing friendshipSource http//www.cipd.co.uk/subject s/corpstrtgy/changemmt/chngmgmt.htmAccording to Kotter Schlesinger (1979) there are four main reasons people in an organization resist changeParochial self interestMisunderstandingLow tolerance to changeDifferent assessment of the situationsFig 8 Reasons for changeReason for ChangeDescriptionParochial self interestPeople are more concerned about the effect of change on themselves rather than its consequences on the success of business.MisunderstandingCommunicationInadequate informationLow tolerance to changePeople are more interested in doing one kind of work because of security and stability in their work.Different assessment of the situationsDifferent people have different opinion for the reason for change. Some consider it as advantageous and others disadvantageous.Source http//www.value groundmanagement.net/methods_kotter_change_approaches.htmlKotter Schlesinger (1979) suggested ways to deal with the changesEducation and communication intimacy and elaboratenessFacilitation an d supportNegotiation and SupportManipulation and co-option diaphanous and Implicit coercionFig 9 Reasons for overcoming resistance to changeReasons for OvercomingDescriptionEducation and communicationEducate people about the change effort in advance by giving them trainings so they can understand the logic behind the change.Participation and involvementWhen employees are actively involved in the change they are most likely to buy into change rather than resist them.Facilitation and supportWhen people are trying to adjust with the situation, managers plays an important role by giving employees full support they require during the transition period.Negotiation and SupportWhen someone escaped out into change the managers can combat resistance by offering incentives to employees so that they do not resist changing.Manipulation and co-optionIt involves the patronizing apparent motion in bringing a person into a change management planning group just for sake of appearance rather than su bstantive contribution.Explicit and Implicit coercionManagers can implicitly and explicitly force employee to accept change by making them clear that resisting changing can lead to losing jobs.Sourcehttp//www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_kotter_change_approaches.html2.2 MotivationThe level of performance of employees relies not only on their actual skills but also on the level of motivation each person exhibits (Burney et al., 2007). Motivation is an inner drive or an external inducement to behave in some particular way, typically a way that will lead to rewards (Dessler, 1978). Over-achieving, skilful employees are the driving force of all firms so it is essential that organizations strive to motivate and hold on to the best employees (Harrington, 2003). In a turbulent environment where changes take place very often, therefore it becomes important for managers to analyze the level of motivation of each employee.Every individual have their own set of reasons to get motivated. S ome individuals are motivated by financial factors while others are motivated by non financial factors illustrated in look 10. Motivation can be classified as external or internal motivation. Finishing deadline on time is an example of external motivation. The fear of loosing a job in case of uncompleted task is an example of internal motivation. Both the external and internal motivation is equally powerful. class 10 Financial Non financial motivatorsThe four most powerful type of motivation that can influence an individual are listed belowFigure 11 Types of motivationType of MotivationDescription essential motivationSatisfaction in the work itself (pleasure, stimulation, learning etc)Extrinsic motivationRewards for doing the work (money, promotion, perks etc)Personal motivationIndividual values (a love of knowledge, power, security, self-expression etc)Interpersonal motivationThe influence of other people (competition, collaboration, commitments etc)Human beings are complex in na ture, and are usually motivated by a combination of four elements. Figure 11 illustrates 4 types of motivation, which come together to produce four key areas for the managers to focus on when trying to motivate their employees.Figure 11 Four key elements of motivationSource http//www.wishfulthinking.co.uk/2009/02/11/motivation-during-a-recession/2.2.1 Major Theories of MotivationMotivation is not only in a single direction i.e. downwards. In the present scenario, where the workforce is more informed, more aware, more educated and goal oriented, the role of motivation has left the boundaries of the hierarchy of management. The Figure below shows the major theories of motivation that can be applied in the working environment as well on the employees to see the impact of motivation on the organization as a whole.Figure 12 Theories of Motivation2.2.1.1 Need ApproachesMaslows Hierarchy of NeedsFigure 13 Shows Maslows Hierarchy of NeedsBy applying Maslows theory of motivation, modern lea ders and managers find way of employee motivation for the reason of worker and workforce management. According to Maslow the humans are motivated by unsatisfied needs and the needs which are at low level should be satisfied initially and then the higher order need should be looked upon. As given in Figure 13 there are five general needs of the humans that should be satisfied before the human start behaving unselfishly. Therefore, in a real work time scenario it becomes important for the leader to understand which needs is currently active for an individual employee motivation.Alderfers ERG TheoryFigure 14 Clayton Alderfers ERG Theory NeedsSourcehttp//www.envisionsoftware.com/es_img/Alderfer_ERG_Theory.gifAccording to ERG theory, leaders must identify that employees have multiple desires to satisfy at the same time. In addition, if the employee is not given enough chance for development, the employee can go back to relatedness needs. So it becomes important for the managers to recogn ize this situation so that deliberate steps can be taken on relatedness needs until the employee is able to follow the way towards growth again.Herzbergs Two Factor TheoryFigure 15 Hygiene and Motivation FactorsSourcehttp//www.biomedcentral.com/content/figures/1472-6920-9-49-1.jpgThe psychologist Fredrick Herzberg asked the questions from employees in the year 1950s and 60s for understanding employee satisfaction. The results of its finding revealed that there are some factors of a job which are constantly connected to job satisfaction, while dissimilar factors are linked with job dissatisfaction. The hygienics and motivation factors are illustrated in Figure 15.To apply Herzbergs theory, managers need to take up a two stage process to motivate people. Firstly, managers need stub out the dissatisfactions the employees are experiencing and, secondly, managers need to help them find satisfaction.McClellands Learned Needs TheoryMcClelland theory of human motivation also known as three need theory or learned theory, segments the needs as followNeed for achievementNeed for powerNeed for affiliationEach of these needs will differ from one person to another. If the manager is able to recognize the significance of each of these needs to an individual, it will help the managers to determine how an individual can be influenced.Summary of Need ApproachesFigure 16 Comparison of Need Theories2.2.1.2 Cognitive ApproachExpectancy TheoryFigure 17 Expectancy TheoryAccording to expectancy theory, every person has their own set of different goals and they can be motivated if they have certain level of expectation. Vrooms expectancy theory is based on three variables i.e. valence, expectancy and Instrumentality valances.Figure 18 Valence, Expectancy InstrumentalityEquity Theory/ Social Comparison TheoryFigure 18 Equity TheorySource http//www.businessballs.com/adamsequitytheory.htmEquity theory states that employee always tend to compare the situation (Outcomes) they get while wo rking in relation to what they invested (Inputs). Additionally they also willing to compare what are the ratio between what they get from what they put in. Moreover people also attempt to compare their input and outputs with their coworkers as illustrated in Figure 19.Figure 19 Equity ComparisonSource http//www.businessballs.com/adamsequitytheory.htmGoal Setting Theory of MotivationFigure 20 Goal TheorySource http//faculty.washington.edu/janegf/goalsetting.htmlThis theory aims to recognize the kind of goals that are most competent in producing high level of motivation among the workers. Moreover, if employees have goals to aim for, under this circumstance the employee will perform better.Therefore it becomes important for the managers to analyze which goals can motivate which employee. In order for the managers to understand while setting goals for the individual, the managers should set the goals that are agnize (not vague) and understandableChallengingAchievable.2.2.1.3 Reinforcem ent TheoryReinforcement theory of motivation overlooks the internal state of individual, i.e., the inner feelings and drives of individuals are ignored by Skinner. This theory focuses totally on what happens to an individual when some actions are taken. External environment of the organization must be designed effectively and positively so as to motivate the employee. This theory is a strong tool for analyzing controlling mechanism for individuals conduct.Figure 21 Types of ReinforcementTypes of ReinforcementDescriptionPositive reenforcementThis implies giving a positive response when an individual shows positive and required behavior.Negative reinforcementThis implies rewarding an employee by removing negative / undesirable consequences. Both positive and negative reinforcement can be used for increasing desirable / required behaviour.ExtinctionIt implies absence of reinforcements. In other words, extinction implies lowering the probability of undesired behaviour by removing rewa rd for that kind of behaviour. Extinction may unintentionally lower desirable behaviourPunishmentIt implies removing positive consequences so as to lower the probability of repeating undesirable behaviour in future. In other words, punishment means applying undesirable consequence for showing undesirable behaviour.Source http//www.managementstudyguide.com/reinforcement-theory-motivation.htm2.3 Leadership call and CommunicationLeadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people (Kurt Lewin,1939). Leadership Style influences the level of motivation of employees. Different Leaders have different style for managing the employees working under them. Fig explains the style of leadership influencing the motivation of employees.Figure 22 Leadership Style Vs motivationSource http//www.motivation-tools.com/workplace/leadership_styles.htmThere have been mostly separate studies about leadership and grapevine communication. According to McKenna (2000), leadership is an art that can get the optimum work required for the organization. The leader also communicates the organizations goals to his team members. He does not discuss about the communication that is more important between the leader and the team and the effectiveness when such communication occurs in an informal way that leads to more interaction and hence develops a bond with each employee and all together leads to commitment and motivation.

Robert Frost Essay -- Biography

Robert Frost once said, Always fall in with what youre ask to accept. sweep up what is given, and make it over your way. My aim in life has always been to hold my own with whatevers going. Not against with(Quotes). Frosts life and measure period exemplified his quote as he experienced the technological changes of the twentieth century. Through these experiences, he entertained and taught his readers through his competitive poetry like his rime The Road Not Taken. Robert Frost was born on March 26, 1874, in San Francisco, California. William, his father, was a Journalist and Isabelle, his mother, was a teacher. His parents occupations sparked his early interest as a bring outr. Isabelle shared her love of literature and poetry with her son. When Frost was eleven, his mother took him and his sister, Jeanie, to live with his fathers parents in Lawrence, Massachusetts. Williams death left Robert and his family poor and subordinate upon their cynical family members who believed Isab elle to be at fault for Williams death (DeFusco 13-15). Robert attended Lawrence High School where his mother encouraged him to maintain high academics. His desire to write poetry did not begin until the first two years of high school. Frosts home life and inability to adjust to life in the North created his artistic aspirations. His first poems were published in the school newspaper his sophomore year. After he graduated, Frosts grandparents ordered him to attend Dartmouth College, just he dropped out after seven weeks (DeFusco 15-16).Then Frost decided to work at a wool mill to save enough gold to marry Elinor White. In the winter of 1895, at the age of twenty-one, Elinor and Frost were married. His first son was born a year later, named Elliot. Ag... ...ntieth century. This theme was one of the many ideals that sparked the modernised Movement allowing people to have the equal opportunity determine their own destiny. When people are suddenly exposed to freedom of choice, they are slow to act and do not have a grasp of what they want. This inexperience makes people not able to differentiate between two choices thus causing a person to hesitate and doubt oneself when finalizing their judgment.When writing this poem, Frost believed that the content of the poem was more important than the style. He however paid close attention to chiliad using iambic pentameter and a rhyme scheme of abaab. The only style he refused to write in was free verse because he believed a nigh map carried its own scale of miles(cite). He wrote his poetry instead in natural speaking patterns because it was more appealing to readers.

A Simple Change Altering the Face of the Game :: Essays Papers

A Simple Change Altering the Face of the Game Lacrosse is ace of the fastest growing sports in the world today. Each day, it seems that I meet a new person who has never even seen it played, or in many cases, has never even heard of it. It is a sport that in ab tabu atomic number 18as, such as the East Coast, is very popular and well-known. However, here in the West it is a sport that is growing quickly. As a Womens Lacrosse player, as well as a referee of the game, I see two completely different perspectives of how it is played. In September of this year, a rule was added that creates impenetrable boundaries and will drastically change Womens Lacrosse. Through by this paper, I will explain what has changed, how the game has been impacted, the effect on all of the people involved, and how I savour about the rule. The rule that has changed has to do with the hard boundaries, and I will explain what this means. Before I explain this rule, one must know about a rule that is unique to womens lacrosse. This is that every time the referee blows a whistle, no matter where a player is, they must freeze in their tracks and they are not allowed to move until the whistle is blown again. Now, moving on, the original boundary rule in womens lacrosse was that basically, on that point were no boundaries. Meaning that if the ball went out of bounds, it was whoever got to the ball first and the possession was the referees decision. When I say out of bounds, it signifies that if people were going to run into fans or if they were going to run into some near obstacles, such as fences. So the boundaries consisted of physical objects as opposed to lines. There has always been a line marking the boundaries, however, it was just a guideline, and if one went out of it, the referee would just have them bring it back in. Therefore, the difference is that a hard boundary is a set and definite line. If the ball goes out of bounds now, it is the opposite teams ball, for whoever cause s it to go out of bounds or touches it last before it crosses the line is at fault. However, when a shot is taken wide, it is whichever team that gets there first who gains the possession.